Some new discoveries in the taxonomy of the genus Lonicera of Caprifoliaceae in Zhejiang Province were reported. The distribution of two species， L. similis in Zhejiang and L. macrantha in China were respectively excluded. L. guillonii was considerably reinstalled as a species with a new synonym L. macrantha var. heterotricha. Furthermore， L. guillonii var. macranthoides was newly combined. A new species L. sinomacrantha and a new form L. hypoglauca f. pulchra were described. The key to the complex of L. macrantha in Zhejiang was compiled.
In order to clarify the characteristics of flower bud differentiation of Hippeastrum hybridum and provide theoretical basis for the research of flower development， flowering regulation， cross breeding and systematic classification， anatomical observation and paraffin sectioning techniques were used to study the growth of flower buds， flower organ differentiation， and sex cell differentiation in the H. hybridum variety of ‘Merry Christmas’. The main results were as follows：Each year H. hybridum ‘Merry Christmas’ produced two inflorescence buds， the flower buds in which completed floral organs differentiation in the second year， then bloomed in the third year after low temperature treatment， and of which the second inflorescence aborted occasionally. The floral organ differentiation process included flower primordium differentiation stage， outer perianth primordium differentiation stage， inner perianth primordium differentiation stage， stamen primordium differentiation stage and carpel primordium differentiation stage， the corresponding length of flower buds were about 0.02， 0.05， 0.1， 0.2， 0.3 cm， respectively. The primordia of all floral organs initiated spirally and centripetally. The anthers of H. hybridum were tetrasporangiate， and the anther wall was composed of epidermis， endothecium， middle layer， tapetum from outside to inside. The tapetum belonged to secretory type. The cytokinesis in the microsporocyte meiosis was successive. The microspore tetrads were cruciform and the mature pollen grains were 2-celled. The gynoecium of H. hybridum was tricarpellary and the ovary was inferior with axile placentation and trilocular with two rows of anatropous ovules in each locule. The ovule was bitegmic and crassinucellate. The development of embryo sac was of an Allium type.
To explore the effects of carbon sources and other main factors on the proliferation of embryogenic callus in Pinus elliottii， and provide technical methods and theoretical basis for further improving proliferation efficiency. The embryogenic callus of the elite clone PEE3-13 was used， the effects of different types and concentrations of carbon sources， pH and the organic nitrogen sources， L-glutamine and its substitutes， L-alanine-L-glutamine on its proliferation were studied. The pH and the type of carbon source had significant effects on its proliferation. The autoclaved medium pH ranged from 5.68 to 6.28， it was the most suitable for the embryogenic callus growth. The maximum proliferation rate was achieved when using 30 g·L-1 white sugar was used as carbon source. When 450 mg·L-1 L-glutamine was added， the embryogenic callus had the highest proliferation rate and the best activity， however， L-alanine-L-glutamine could not replace L-glutamine. The optimal medium was 30 g·L-1 white sugar and 450 mg·L-1 L-glutamine and autoclaved pH was ranged from 5.68 to 6.28 and was most suitable for embryogenic callus proliferation， and the maximum proliferation rate was h 851.27%.
In order to fully understand the molecular characteristics and expression patterns of expansin genes in moso bamboo（Phyllostachys edulis）， bioinformatics methods were used in this study，and a total of 43 members of the expansin gene family was identified from the genome of moso bamboo， and the members were divided into four subfamilies（EXPA， EXPB， EXLA and EXLB）， which contained 18， 17， 7 and 1 members respectively， and distributed on 37 Scaffolds. Except that PeEXPA1 had no introns and PeEXLB1 had 11 introns， other expansin genes have 1 to 5 introns respectively. The amino acid length of the expansin was 91~508 aa respectively， all amino acids had high-frequency codons， and most of the expansins were basic and hydrophilic. Protein structure analysis showed that most of the expansins of moso bamboo accounted for the smallest proportion of β-turns and the largest proportion of β-sheets in the secondary structure. The tertiary structure of most members in each subfamily was similar. The qRT-PCR results of 18 EXPA subfamily members showed that their expression were significantly different in different tissues， and the highest expression values were found in leaves except PeEXPA2 and PeEXPA6， indicating that they might play an important role in the growth of leaves.
Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1（NPR1） played a key role in regulating plant disease resistance. Walnut（Juglans regia） was an important economic oil tree for rural revitalization in China， and its growth and yield were severely restricted by pests and diseases. In order to explore the physiological mechanism of walnut disease resistance and screen disease resistance genes， the JrNPR1 gene was cloned from ‘Xiangling’ walnut， and its basic biological information and disease response were analyzed to predict the function of JrNPR1. The results showed that the ORF of JrNPR1 gene was 1 782 bp， encoded 593 amino acids， and the theoretical isoelectric point was 6.40. Multi-sequence comparison with Morella rubra， Ricinus communis and other homologous proteins showed that they all had NPR1-like-C conserved domains， and JrNPR1 had a relatively close evolution with M. rubra and Quercus suber. The upstream 1 233 bp promoter contained a variety of cis-acting elements related to plant disease resistance， such as WRKY71OS. Under treatment with pathogens such as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides， Melanconium oblongum， and Xanthomonas campestris， JrNPR1 was significantly induced， and its expression was up-regulated by salicylic acid（SA）. The expression level of JrNPR1 under CgTJ+SA， MoZK+SA， XcHB+SA was 1.31~178.89 fold of that under single stress of CgTJ， MoZK， XcHB， respectively. These results suggested that JrNPR1 might be an important disease resistance gene against walnut anthracnose， branch blight and bacterial black spot， and might be involved in the SA signal pathway.
Flowering is a complex life process that is regulated by both genetic factors and environmental factors in higher plants. It is a symbol of plants genetic and reproductive ability after it enters into reproductive growth. The genes of CbuATX1， CbuATX1-like and CbuATX2 were cloned respectively by PCR with cDNA as a template from Catalpa bungei flower bud， and the related bioinformatics software was used to predict the protein structure and subcellular location of these three genes respectively. The three genes promoter sequence were analyzed in cis-acting elements， and the expression levels of the three genes in different stages of C. bungei flower bud development were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the CDS of CbuATX1 was 726 bp， encoding 241 amino acids with transmembrane transport structure. The protein was belonged to the HMA protein family and closely related to Sesamum indicum and Beta vulgaris. The CDS of CbuATX1-like was 801 bp. encoding 266 amino acids with transmembrane transport structure. The protein was belonged to the HMA protein family， which was closely related to Daucus carota and Olea europaea. The CDS of CbuATX2 was 1 554 bp， encoding 517 amino acids with no transmembrane transport structure. The protein was belonged to the PWWP protein family and closely related to Erythranthe guttatus. The promoters of three genes contained several basic elements of eukaryotic promoters respectively， such as CAAT box and TATA box. In addition， they also contained light response factors， low temperature response factors and biological activity elements. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of the three genes were significantly different in different developmental stages. It was hoped to further elaborate the flowering characteristics of C. bungei， and provided theoretical support for the flowering mechanism and directional genetic improvement of C. bungei.
Soil salinization was a global problem， which not only seriously affected agricultural production， and also greatly threatened landscape and urban planning projects. In present study， different landscape combinations and fertility measures were used to investigate the adjustable mechanism of the vegetation coverage to the urban green belt saline-alkali soil in the Lanzhou New District. The results showed that “Aesculus chinensis Bunge + Catalpa bungei C. + Rosa rugosa Thunb.” landscape combination Ⅱ， treated with organic fertilizer and microbial inoculants，the average vegetation coverage reached to 70.06% during a growth season. And the topsoil desalination rate could reach to 53.51%， while the "bare land" was only 20.62% and 5.46% respectively. The pH value and electrical conductivity of the landscape combination Ⅱ decreased by 12.54% and 63.83%， respectively， while the “bare land” only decreased by 3.14% and 12.28%. Correlation analysis（P<0.05） shown that vegetation coverage was highly negatively correlated with soil salinity（r= -0.949）， but highly positively correlated with soil organic matter（r=0.887） and with total nitrogen（r=0.853） respectively. These results indicated that can effectively improve the salt content of saline-alkali soil in the Lanzhou New District， by increasing the vegetation coverage of the green belt and improving soil fertility.
To explore the adaptability of plants to the environment and provide a theoretical basis for the restoration and reconstruction of vegetation in Minqin oasis-desert transition zone， 20 kinds of main plant were used， 6 functional characters of leaves were determined， variation characteristics and correlation of leaf traits were analyzed， and the difference of leaf traits of different functional groups were compared respectively. The results showed that： ①There were interspecific differences and different degrees of variation in leaf traits， the variation range from 14.11% to 47.63%， the variation coefficient of ChlC was the largest， while that of LCC was the smallest. ②LDMC with ChlC or LCC showed extremely significant positive correlation（P<0.01）， ChlC with LCC showed extremely significant positive correlation（P<0.01）， while the correlation between other leaf traits was not significant. ③There were significant differences in leaf traits among different functional groups. LDMC， ChlC and LCC in legumes were significantly higher than those in chenopodiaceae plants（P<0.01）. The SLA of herb leaves was significantly higher than that of shrub plants（P<0.01）. SLA and LNC of annual plants were significantly higher than those of perennial plants（P<0.05）. The LDMC of perennial leaves was significantly higher than annual leaves（P<0.01）. The content of C in leaves of perennial plants was significantly higher than that of annual plants（P<0.05）. LDMC and ChlC of C3 plants were significantly higher than that of C4 plants（P<0.05）. The δ13C of C4 plants was significantly higher than that of C3 plants（P<0.01）. LCC content in leaves of C3 plants was significantly higher than that of C4 plants（P<0.05）.
To evaluate the allelopathic potential of three diterpenes， including wangzaozin A， leukamenin E and weisiensin B， Lolium perenne L. and Lacutuca sativa L. were taken as materials and the effects of three ent-kaurene diterpenes on the seed germination， growth， chlorophyll， membrane damage of tested plants were studied respectively. It was found that three diterpenes with different concentrations had a slightly decrease on germination of L. perenne L. and L. sativa L. seeds， but the germination time was delayed obviously； three diterpenes at higher concentrations had significant negative effects on the root length， seedling length， fresh weight and dry weight of plants respectively， and it showed clearly concentration-dependent trend； meanwhile， the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents were significantly reduced but the malondialdehye（MDA） content and relative electricity conductivity were increased， however， the relative water content showed downward trends. The results showed that three diterpenoids inhibited the growth of tested plants by affecting its photosynthetic capacity， causing oxidative damage to the cell membrane and reducing the water retention of the leaves.
Abiotic stresses seriously affected plant growth and development， and plants had evolved sophisticated internal molecular regulatory mechanisms to deal with， in which transcription factors played a vital role. In this study， BpERF98 gene was cloned from the leaves of Betula platyphylla and overexpressed using Agrobacterium-mediated. The physiological indicators of the transgenic lines and wild-type under low temperature， freezing damage and salt stress were measured respectively， the results showed that the malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity of the transgenic lines under abiotic stress were lower， while the SOD and POD enzyme activities were higher than those of the wild-type. The results showed that overexpression of BpERF98 gene could improve the tolerance of white birch to abiotic stress， and provided an important theoretical basis for studying the molecular mechanism under abiotic stress and molecular breeding for tolerance of white birch.
Being the polar carrier of IAA， PIN family proteins played a key role in plant embryonic development， organ development and tropic growth， especially in the formation of plant phyllodes， veins and vascular tissue differentiation.In order to identify the response characteristics BpPIN5 gene to exogenous hormones， the upstream 1447 bp sequence of BpPIN5 was cloned from the genome DNA of Betula platyphylla. The cis-acting elements in the sequence were predicted by PLACE online software. The results showed that the promoter sequence of BpPIN5 contained different types of auxin responsive elements such as auxin， gibberellin， Salicylic acid， abscisic acid， methyl jasmonate， ethylene respectively. Transgenic vector pro-BpPIN5：：GUS to B. platyphylla was constructed. GUS histochemical staining analysis reflicted that BpPIN5 promoter had transcriptional activity in the tip of leaf crack， venule and root of B. platyphylla respectively. After transgenic Betula platyphylla was treated with IAA， GA， MeJA， SA and ABA respectively， the results showed that BpPIN5 promoter responded to the five hormones above at the crack edge of the first leaf， petiole and root tissue of the second leaf， and the response changes were basically the same. The results would help to clarify the function of BpPIN5 in B. platyphylla.
In order to understand the function of transcription factor LobHLH34 and explore its expression pattern in different tissues and under different stress conditions， the full-length sequence of LobHLH34 gene was obtained from transcriptome data of root， stem and leaf of Larix olgensis， by using the primers designed. The complete open reading frame（ORF） of LobHLH34 gene was 696 bp and encoded 231 amino acids. Subcellular expression vector was constructed and transformed into protoplasts of Populus trichocarpa. The result showed that the LobHLH34 gene was located in the cell nucleus under the laser confocal microscope. The results of phylogenetic tree analysis showed that larch had the closest genetic relationship with Picea asperata and Selaginella tamariscina. By qRT-PCR， the tissue-specific expression of LobHLH34 gene and its response to abiotic stress were analyzed respectively. The results showed that LobHLH34 gene was expressed in the roots， stems and leave， and the lowest expression level was found in the stem and the highest relative expression in the leaf respectively. The expression level of LobHLH34 was different in different organs under NaCl， PEG and ABA stress. It was speculated that LobHLH34 gene could be involved in the process of plant growth， development and respond to stress， and it had special expressional pattern in different organs.
By using Nicotiana benthamiana as plant material， the influence of the different Agrobacterium strains（LBA4404， EHA105， GV3101）， bacterial concentration and infection time on GFP（as the reporter gene） the fluorescence transient expression after transformation were analyzed respectively. The results showed that the expression of GFP with different Agrobacterium strains were various in the optimal concentration and time for transient： the highest transient expression efficiency with LBA4404 strain was achieved when the OD600 of bacterial suspension was 0.8； while the highest transient expression efficiency with EHA105 and GV3101 strains was achieved when the OD600 of the bacterial suspension reached 0.6. The level of transient expression by strain LBA4404 was the highest at 2 days later Agrobacterium infiltration while the level of transient expression by strains EHA105 and GV3101 was the highest at 4 days later Agrobacterium infiltration. The comparative analysis among these different strains showed that the transient expression efficiency by using LBA4404 strain was the highest. The above results indicated that Agrobacterium strains and transformation conditions such as bacterial concentration and infection time were important factors that affected the transient expression efficiency.
The growth of parental clones was neglected in seed orchards though many Larix olgensis seed orchards had been built for several years in Northeast China. In this research， 49 L. olgensis parental clones were used as materials， many growth traits were investigated and analyzed respectively. ANOVA results showed that there was significant difference among 49 clones in each growth traits. The phenotypic variation and genetic variation coefficients of different traits ranged from 7.71%-31.93% and 2.05%-12.55%， respectively. The repeatability of different traits ranged from 0.44-0.76， high repeatability and variation coefficients were beneficial for selection of elite clones. The correlation of most growth traits including tree height was extremely significant showed that each growth traits affected each other. The results of principal component analysis showed that the contribution rate of the first principal component was 61.44%， which mainly represented biomass traits. Comprehensive evaluation of L. olgensis parental clones were conducted based on the results of principal component analysis， clone L76， L5， L7， L12 and L4 were selected as elite clones， the genetic gain of different growth traits ranged from 3.55%-15.50%， the selected clones could provide materials for tree breeding of L. olgensis.
To explore the stoichiometric characteristics of desert ephemeral plants， and to better understand the relationship between habitat soil factors and plant survival strategies， 4 widely distributed plant species （Erodium oxyrrhynchum， Nonea caspica， Hyalea pulchella， Lactuca undulata） were collected， and soil physical and chemical properties were measured at different depths （0-5， 5-10， 10-15 cm）， and the dynamic change and coupling relationship between stoichiometric characteristics of 4 plants and soil factors were compared and analyzed through in-situ multi-period sampling in the field. The results showed that： ①The carbon（C）， nitrogen（N）， and phosphorus（P） contents of the 4 ephemeral plants were generally low， and there were differences in stoichiometric characteristics among species， but the changes were roughly similar in different growth periods. The content of N and P gradually decreased from the seedling stage to the fruit setting stage， while the C content tended to be stable for a long time. During the whole growth period， the variation range of P and C∶P were larger， the variation range of C and N∶P were smaller. The differences in the stoichiometric characteristics of the 4 plants in different growth periods were significantly related to the growth period and plant species. ②The content of soil organic carbon（SOC）， total nitrogen（TN） and total phosphorus （TP） in the 0-5 cm soil layer were the highest respectively， and gradually decreased with the depth of the soil layer. With the growth of plants， the content of SOC and TN in the 0-5 cm soil showed an obvious increasing trend， while the content of TP showed a parabolic change trend. During different growth periods of plants， the stability of soil TP content was the strongest， and the variability of SOC and TN was strong respectively. The lower N content and TN∶TP ratio showed that the soil in the area belonged to the type of N deficiency. The differences in the stoichiometric characteristics of the 3 soil layers in different growth periods were significantly affected by the soil layers and growth periods. ③There was no consistent law in the correlation of stoichiometric characteristics between plants and soils at each level. Plant stoichiometric indicators were only strongly correlated with SOC and SOC∶TP in the 0-10 cm soil， and most of the stoichiometric characteristics did not show correlation， indicating that the stoichiometric characteristics of plants were not directly determined by the characteristics of soil nutrient content. These results indicated that the stoichiometric characteristics of plants were not directly determined by soil nutrient characteristics， and the obvious interspecific differences indicated the importance of plant genetic characteristics in the coupling relationship of soil-plant stoichiometric characteristics.
Cunninghamia lanceolata is the main afforestation tree species in China， which has important functions of medicine， economy and ecological service. With the trend of continued global warming， climate has become an important factor restricting the survival and development of species， among which spatial distribution and niche changes are crucial to the interpretation of ecological processes. To analyze the response of C. lanceolata to future climate warming， 211 C. lanceolata distribution points and 20 environmental variables were taken， MaxEnt model and ecospat R software package were used as methods. The results showed that the current potential suitable area of C. lanceolata was 2.196 7 million km2， about 22.88% of the total land area， mainly distributed in the east of 800 mm equivalent precipitation line. Mean annual temperature， diurnal mean temperature difference and driest monthly rainfall were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of C. lanceolata. The suitable area of C. lanceolata would migrate along the latitude and longitude directions， and the area of highly and moderately suitable habitats continue to decrease. Principal component analysis（PCA） showed that the climatic niches of C. lanceolata shifted and expanded under different representative concentration paths in different periods， and the centers of the climatic niches would move to the average annual temperature and the warmest seasonal rainfall. The niche overlap index would show a trend of continuous decline， and the niche overlap rate of RCP8.5 show the most obvious decline. The results showed that global warming would change the spatial distribution of species， and affect the existing ecosystem to varying degrees. The research on the relationship between C. lanceolata and climate change expanded people’s understanding of climate change and the ecological characteristics of plant species， and provided a theoretical basis for the protection and utilization of C. lanceolata and even arbors species.
According to Article 9.2 in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae， fungi， and plants（Shenzhen Code）， the typographical errors in the protologues of twenty-five taxa（ferns） in China were corrected respectively， including Gleichenia cantonensis Ching， Hicriopteris omeiensis Ching & P.S. Chiu， Hypolepis yunnanensis Ching， Coniogramme latibasis Ching ex K.H. Shing， Athyrium costulalisorum Ching， Athyrium exindusiatum Ching， Athyrium gongshanense Ching， Athyrium habaense Ching， Athyrium pseudoepirachis Ching， Athyrium submacrocarpum Ching & S.K. Wu， Lunathyrium sichuanense Z.R. Wang var. jinfoshanense Z.R. Wang， Pseudocystopteris remota Ching， Diacalpe medogensis R.C. Ching & S.K. Wu， Arachniodes falcata Ching， Cyrtogonellum caducum Ching， Cyrtogonellum salicifolium Ching & Y.T. Hsieh， Cyrtomium moupingense Ching & K.H. Shing ex K.H. Shing， Cyrtomium tsinglingense Ching & K.H. Shing ex K.H. Shing， Dryopteris grandiosa Ching & P.C. Chiu， Dryopteris occidental-zhejiangensis Ching & P.C. Chiu， Dryopteris subtenuicula Ching & P.C. Chiu， Hemigramma distinctipetiolata Ching， Trogostolon yunnanensis Ching， Colysis liouii Ching and Lepisorus pseudonudus Ching.
Leaf anatomical structures of seven Sorbus species at Longcanggou National Forest Park in Sichuan Province were observed by paraffin section method， and the relationship between leaf anatomical structure and environment was discussed in this study. The results showed that： the leaves of seven species were all of typical dorsal-ventral pattern； leaf thickness ranged from 108.16-208.21 μm， significant differences（P<0.01） were observed in the studied species； upper epidermis thickness was greater than the lower， furthermore， papillae were observed in the lower epidermis of pinnate-leaved species； palisade parenchyma was composed of 1-2 layers of cells， the ratio of palisade parenchyma to spongy parenchyma in thickness of S. prattii var. aestivalis was 1.93， and the rest of six species were less than 1 respectively； the vascular bundles of the midrib were all heart-shaped， which were typical collateral vascular bundle； the differences of midrib protuberant degree among species were extremly significant（P<0.01）. Among the anatomical structures， the plasticity of the upper and lower epidermis was the largest， which had strong potential adaptability in the habitat； the midrib had the least plasticity and the overall structure was relatively stable. Palisade parenchyma， spongy parenchyma and midrib were the most different anatomical structures among the seven species. Correlation analysis between leaf anatomical structures and environmental variables indicated that palisade parenchyma thickness， the ratio of palisade parenchyma to spongy parenchyma and cell tense ratio were positively correlated with annual precipitation， precipitation of warmest quarter and altitude（P<0.05）， and were negatively correlated with temperature seasonality（P<0.05）； diameter and protuberant degree of midrib were positively correlated with seasonal temperature（P<0.01）， and were negatively correlated with annual precipitation， precipitation of warmest quarter and altitude（P<0.05）. The adaptability of leaf anatomical characteristics reflect the survival strategies of seven Sorbus species at Longcanggou National Forest Park.
A rapid and efficient regeneration system of liquid-solid alternate culture was developed for the tissue culture seedlings of Fraxinus mandshurica with lignificated stalk， aged leaves and dormant apical buds， and the axillary buds were germinated in a short time by liquid suspension culture， and the axillary buds were regenerated in vitro in solid culture to obtain the new tissue culture seedlings. On liquid and solid media supplemented of WPM with different plant growth regulators， axillary buds of F. mandshurica were induced to germinate and grow into seedlings. It was found that the axillary bud germination rate of F. mandshurica could reach 100% within 7-15 d after dark culture in WPM liquid medium supplemented with 0.6 mg·L-1 TDZ. After cutting the sprouted buds and inoculating them into WPM solid medium of 0.05 mg·L-1 TDZ and 0.6 mg·L-1 BA， axillary buds could grow into shoots after 1-2 subcultures with an average height of 2.64 cm and a multiplication coefficient of 4.04. After transplanting， the survival rate of rooting seedlings was 90% after 50 d. The establishment of the method could be conducive to the large-scale propagation of F. mandshurica， and the liquid-solid alternate circulation culture， simple， controllable， easy to operate， suitable for different production conditions and reduces the cost.
To improve materials for genetic breeding of Fraxinus mandshurica， the correlation among three hybrid combinations of Fraxinus mandshurica × F. rhynchophylla， F. mandshurica × F. sogdiana and F. mandshurica × F. velutina， and the genetic variation of lignin content and FmPAL nucleotide polymorphism in free-pollination offspring of female parent were analyzed respectively. One-year-old branches of Fraxinus mandshurica with 71 species of interspecies hybrid combinations in Maoer Mountain Forest Farm of Northeast Forestry University were used as materials， the genetic variation regularity of lignin was investigated， the differences in lignin content and variation parameters and mean values were analyzed， and joint analysis on the molecular level of lignin and its synthesis-related gene PAL were carried out. The result showed that the lignin content of the hybrid combinations of Fraxinus was extremely significant， and it was significantly different from the female parent free-pollinated offspring of F. mandshurica. The lignin content of most hybrid combinations of F. mandshurica was higher than that of the female parent F. mandshurica. The results showed that the haploid diversity value of the PAL gene of the F. mandshurica population reached 0.999 7， which was a high level. It confirmed that the FmPAL gene had a high variation. There were 3 SNP sites significantly related to the lignin content. There were significant differences in the lignin content of the cross combinations of F. mandshurica. The SNP sites in the FmPAL gene was significantly related to the lignin content.
Artemisia dalai-lamae， Artemisia frigida and Artemisia hedinii， the common herbs in arid and semi-arid areas of Northwest China， have the effects of wind prevention and sand fixation， preventing grassland degradation， sterilization and anti-inflammatory， and treating a variety of diseases. The transcriptome of three Artemisia species were sequenced by Illumina method and then 54 268 322， 46 434 864 and 43 971 646 Clean reads were obtained， respectively. SNP and alternative splicing analyses were performed on the sequencing results. Differentially expressed genes were screened from the comparison groups of 6 107（ADL vs AF）， 4 822（ADL vs AH） and 3 755（AF vs AH） respectively. Go enrichment annotated the differentially expressed genes into three categories： biological process， cell component and molecular function. KEGG enrichment annotated the differentially expressed genes into 198， 198 and 197 pathways respectively. The top ten high expressed genes in each group were analyzed. We screened out 25 differentially expressed genes related to the active components of alkaloids，terpenoids and flavonoid. This study provid a scientific basis for species identification， stress resistance research and resource utilization of Artemisia.
To lay a foundation for studying the molecular regulation mechanism of LTP family gene and molecular genetic improvement of Populus davidiana × P. alba var. pyramidalis， the expression pattern of LTP family genes from P. davidiana × P. alba var. pyramidalis was analyzed.The protein properties， multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic tree analysis of LTP family members were performed to show their structural features. The P. davidiana × P. alba var. pyramidalis seedlings treated with gravity， salt and PEG stress respectively were subjected to quantitive real time PCR analysis. The expression patterns of PdbLTP family genes were carried out respectively. Eight PdbLTP genes and two subfamily PdbGLTP genes were obtained， and their CDS lengths were ranged from 294-396 bp. LTP family were hydrophobic proteins and had eight cysteine conserved structures， without transmembrane region. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression patterns of different PdbLTP family genes were different under gravity processing. Expression levels of PdbLTP1， PdbLTP3， PdbLTP5 and PdbLTP7 genes were up-regulated in tension wood compared to those in the normal wood. The transcripts levels of PdbLTP1， PdbLTP2， PdbLTP3， PdbLTP5 genes were abundant in stem. Expression of PdbLTP family genes was induced by salt stress except for PdbLTP5. PdbLTP1， PdbLTP2， PdbLTP3 and PdbLTP5 were up-regulated under drought stress. Different members of PdbLTP gene family play important roles in regulation of xylem development and tolerance to abiotic stress in Populus davidiana × P. alba var. pyramidalis.
As one of the three floral pathway integrators， FT（FLOWERING LOCUS T） and its homologous genes were considered to be important genes which related to flowering. In order to clarify the function of FT homologous genes and flowering mechanism of saffron（Crocus sativus L.）， the three reported FT homologous genes， named CsatFT1， CsatFT2 and CsatFT3， were isolated and analyzed. The gDNA contained the ORF with length of 835， 1 642 and 1 132 bp， respectively， and they all had 4 exons and 3 introns. cDNA sequences contained the length of 528， 525 and 540 bp ORF， which encoded 175， 174 and 179 amino acids， respectively. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that CsatFT1， CsatFT2 and CsatFT3 showed relatively close genetic distance with the monocotyledon Narcissus tazetta NtFT， Lilium longiflorum LlFT and Allium cepa AcFT1， respectively. qRT-PCR results indicated that the expression levels of CsatFT1， CsatFT2 and CsatFT3 were the highest in the leaves， followed by the lateral roots， and almost no expressed in daughter corms and primary roots at the early stage of replacement corm enlargement. At the late stage of replacement corm enlargement， the expression levels of CsatFT1， CsatFT2 and CsatFT3 were all high in daughter corms and were almost not detected in terminal buds. During indoor storage stage， the expression levels of CsatFT1， CsatFT2 and CsatFT3 were high in the capital， followed by the leaves， and almost undetectable in the petals and anthers. From the phenotypes of transgenic tobacco and transgenic Arabidopsis plants， the results showed that CsatFT1， CsatFT2 and CsatFT3 could promote the early flowering of plants.
To explore the stress response and regulatory mechanism of NAC transcription factor family members in Populus euphratica， the promoter sequence of PeNAC121 gene was cloned from leaves of Populus euphrachiae by PCR and its structural characteristics were analyzed using bioinformatics tools. The PeNAC121 promoter was used to drive the expression of the GUS reporter gene in the triploid Populus tomentosa， and then GUS staining and enzyme activity quantitative analysis were performed in the obtained transgenic plants after different stress treatments. The cloned promoter sequence of PeNAC121 gene was 1 997 bp（located in the upstream of start codon ATG） in length， included a large number of light-responsive elements， and also contained a number of abiotic stress and phytohormone responsive elements， such as low temperature response element LTR， drought response element MBS， abscisic acid（ABA） response element， as well as gibberellin（GA） response elements， respectively. The result of tissue expression pattern showed that the PeNAC121 gene was mainly expressed in stems of P. euphratica， with low expression in roots and leaves. The results of GUS histochemical staining and enzyme activity test of transgenic plants showed that the PeNAC121 promoter was significantly induced by NaCl， mannitol， ABA and 4 ℃ low temperature respectively. It was speculated from the above results that PeNAC121 gene was closely related to the response to stress. The results showed that the promoter of PeNAC121 gene was an inducible promoter responding to multiple stresses. The study provid a theoretical reference for elucidating the role of PeNAC121 gene in stress response and regulation of P. euphratica.
Drought and low temperature are important factors affecting the growth and development of crop， genetically modified crop is an effective way to solve this problem. Cold shock proteins（CSPs）are a class of highly conserved nucleic acid binding proteins， which participate in cell physiological activities such as abiotic stress response， and the transfer of CSP gene can enhance the stress tolerance of crop. In this study， MbCSP gene was cloned by anchor PCR with marine microbial metagenomic DNA as template， and ORF was 216bp， encoded 71 amino acids. Homology analysis showed that the amino acid sequence had homology from 60% to 90% with cold shock proteins such as EcCSPG， EcCSPA（Escherichia coli）， BsCSPB（Bacillus subtilis） and BcCSPA（Bacillus cereus）， respectively. The results of multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that MbCSP protein contained the classical conserved domains of CSP proteins such as RNP1（KGFGFI） and RNP2（VFVHF）， and were closely related to the cold shock proteins of EcCSPG（E. coli） and CmCSPA， CmCSPB（compost metagenome）. To further explore the function of MbCSP， a plant expression vector pTF101-MbCSP was constructed， and transfered to Arabidopsis thaliana by floral dip method. Transgenic plants were obtained by herbicide screening and PCR. Semi quantitative RT-PCR analysis was carried out， and the positive strain with the highest expression level was selected for subsequent physiological detection. The results showed that the growth of transgenic Arabidopsis plants were significantly better than that of wild-type， and its biomass was significantly higher than that of wild-type， under drought stress and low temperature stress. The relative water content， chlorophyll content and superoxide dismutase activity of transgenic Arabidopsis plants were higher than those of wild-type， while the content of malondialdehyde was lower than that of wild-type. The results showed that overexpression of marine microbial metagenomic MbCSP could improve drought and cold tolerance of transgenic A.thaliana plant， which laid the foundation for cultivating new varieties of transgenic crops.
An efficient method was established for the separation and preparation of chlorogenic acid， pedaliin-6″-acetate and rosmarinic acid from Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim.. The chlorogenic acid， pedaliin-6″-acetate and rosmarinic acid was enriched by semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography（SP-HPLC） from ethyl acetate extract， and then separated and purification by high-speed counter-current chromatography（HSCCC） and preparative high performance liquid chromatography（Pre-HPLC）. A total of 54 mg of chlorogenic acid， 150 mg of pedaliin-6″- acetate and 200 mg of rosmarnic acid were obtained from ethyl acetate extract with purities of 96.9%， 97.9% and 95.1% by HPLC analysis， respectively. Their structures were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The result show that this method is suitable for the isolation and purification of chlorogenic acid， pedaliin-6″-acetate and rosmarnic acid from D. tanguticum. It also avoids the disadvantages of traditional separation methods such as many operations， large reagent consumption and non-recyclability， provides a reference basis for the study of separating of active components and preparation reference substance from D.tanguticum.
To reveal the relationship between total phenols（TP） of Saxifraga stolonifera and inhibition of the activity of phospholipase A2（PIR） in Deinagkistrodon acutus venom， we used the single factor and Box-Behnken methods to optimize the extraction conditions of TP of Saxifraga stolonifera and PIR. The effect of various experimental factors on the yield of TP and PIR in the extraction of S. stolonifera by ultrasonic assisted extraction were investigated respectively， and the correlation between the content of TP and PIR were analyzed. The results showed that when the particle size was 60 mesh， the material to liquid ratio was 1∶50， the ultrasonic power was 250 W， and the ultrasonic time was 1.8 h， the content of TP in the aqueous extract of S. stolonifera and its inhibitory rate（PIR） of the PLA2 activity in D. acutus venom could reach the optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction process conditions. The content of TP was （86.90±0.46） mg·g-1， and the PIR was（40.91±0.21）%. The results of correlation analysis showed that the content of TP and the PIR were extremely significant correlation（P<0.01）， indicating that the TP might be the material basis of S. stolonifera to inhibit the PLA2 activity in D. acutus venom .
Metabolomics analysis of Acanthopanax senticosus（Rupr. et Maxim.）Harms and Acanthopanax sessiliflorus（Rupr. et Maxim.）Seem leaves was performed using GC-MS technology. With analysis of PCA and OPLS-DA， the leaves of A. senticosus and A. sessiliflorus were divided into three developmental periods： growth period， exuberant period， and autumn period. A total of 53 differential compounds such as sugars， amino acids， organic acids， fatty acids and polyols were filtered from the leaves of A. senticosus at three periods. A total of 51 differential compounds such as sugars， amino acids， organic acids， fatty acids and polyols were filtered from the leaves of A. sessiliflorus at three periods. Further analysis showed that the leaves of A. senticosus and A. sessiliflorus had the most differential compounds in the exuberant period and autumn period. Among these differential compounds， the leaves of A. senticosus mainly included sugars and organic acids. The leaves of A. sessiliflorus also included fatty acids and polyamine compounds except for sugars and organic acids. The results initially reveal the accumulation patterns of primary metabolites in the two medicinal plants from the same genus at different periods， and provid a theoretical basis for the leaf utilization of the two plants.
Platycladus orientalis ‘Beverleyensis’ is an important ornamental tree species. Plant endogenous hormones（i.e.， indole-3-acetic acid（IAA）， zeatin（ZT）， abscisic acid（ABA） and jasmonic（JA）） play an important role in regulating the adventitious roots regeneration process， but the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones at different developmental stages and their effects on adventitious roots are still unclear. Using semi-woody branches as materials， the dynamic changes of four endogenous hormones were detected by high performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrum（LC-MS）. The results showed that the root primordium originated from callus， medullary ray， xylem， vascular cambium， secondary phloem， cortex， and the junction of medullary ray and cambium respectively， which belonged to multiple locus occurrence mode and the multiple rooting type. Hormonal dynamics results showed that the content of IAA and ZT decreased， ABA and JA increased with the formation of callus； the content of IAA and ZT increased slowly， ABA and JA decreased with the differentiation of root primordium； IAA， ZT， JA gradually increased， and ABA maintained at a low level during adventitious root formation and elongation. Hormone balance analysis results showed that the IAA/ABA ratio and IAA/JA ratio both decreased， and the increasing of IAA/ZT ratio was beneficial to the formation of callus， and on the contrary， it was beneficial to the induction and differentiation of root primordia， while the IAA/ABA ratio increased， IAA/ZT and IAA/ JA maintained at a low level was conducive to the formation and elongation of adventitious roots. The results provide a basis for revealing the regulation effect of different endogenous hormones on the development of adventitious roots of P. orientalis ‘Beverleyensis’.
To explore a sustainable and stable way to obtain birch branches， a multi branch birch by promoting germination was established. One year old birch seedlings were used as experimental materials， and three cutting heights（10， 20 and 30 cm）and four hormone or chemical agents （20 mg·L-1 2，4-D， 20 mg·L-1 KT， 20 mg·L-1 6-BA and 20 mg·L-1 KMnO4） were used to promote the sprouting of birch seedlings. The results showed that the germination rate of birch seedlings was the highest， which reached 65.0% after the first cutting（30 d） and the cutting height was 10 cm. Under the treatment of sawdust moisture， the sprouting rate and sprouting yield of the three cutting heights were higher， the sprouting rate was more than 75.0%， and the yield was more than 77.0 g per plant. The content of total triterpenoids in the branches was the highest at 20 cm cutting height（76.43 mg·g-1）， followed by 10 cm cutting height. Other treatments were not conducive to the accumulation of total triterpenoids. The content of total triterpenoids in leaves was the highest under the treatment of 6-BA （91.16 mg·g-1）， which was more than 2.68 times of sawdust treatment（30 cm）. The content of total triterpenoids in the branches and leaves of sawdust， KT and KMnO4 treatments was significantly lower than that of other treatments. 6-BA was beneficial to the accumulation of oleanolic acid in branches and leaves， while other treatments were not conducive to the accumulation of oleanolic acid. Sawdust treatment was beneficial to the secondary sprouting and yield improvement. The sprouting yield of the treatment with 10 cm cutting height reached 126.96 g per plant. The total triterpenoids content in the branches was 97.99 mg·g-1 when treated with 6-BA at the cutting height of 30 cm. The content of total triterpenoids in leaves was option when the cutting height was 20 cm， reaching 99.22 mg·g-1， followed by sawdust treatment group. The results provid technical support for sustainable and efficient utilization of birch resources and obtaining triterpenoids.
In order to explore the eco-physiological mechanism of Populus euphratica Oliv adapting to the arid desert environment，P. euphratica Oliv. that the key species in the Tarim desert ecosystem was used as material. It was conducted to research the change of photosynthetic gas exchange， antioxidative enzyme activity and osmoregulation substances of P. euphratica grown at different groundwater depths（GWD）. The results showed that：（1） the diurnal courses of net photosynthetic rate（Pn）， transpiration rate（Tr） and stomatal conductance（Gs） of P. euphratica under different GWD conditions showed the single peak curves respectively， while the diurnal variation of intercellular CO2 mole fraction（Ci） were the “V” curve， the valley value was significantly reduced at GWD=5.5 m（P<0.01） respectively. Pn and Gs changed synchronously， and the peak value appeared at 12：00， while the Tr peak value lagged 2 hours. The peak values of Pn in different GWD were significantly different（P<0.05）， while the peak values of Tr， Gs and Ci valley were significantly reduced in GWD=5.5 m（P<0.01） respectively. Pn， Tr， Gs， Ci， water-use efficiency（WUE） and light utilization efficiency（LUE） decreased with GWD increasing， and the daily mean value of Gs and LUE significantly decreased at GWD=5.5 m（P<0.05） respectively. However， there was no significant difference in the daily mean values of Pn， Tr， Ci and WUE under different GWD conditions（P>0.05） respectively； （2）The decline of Pn in P. euphratica from 12：00-16：00 was mainly restricted by stomatal factors， while the decline of Pn from 16：00-20：00 was mainly limited by non-stomatal factors； （3）The relationship between eco-physiological factors and Pn， Tr under different GWD conditions were analyzed with correlation， partial correlation and stepwise regression methods， it was found that Gs was the main factor affecting Pn and Tr of P. euphratica respectively. The correlation degree between Pn and photosynthetically active radiation（PAR）， Tr and Gs were enhanced respectively with GWD increasing， indicating that GWD directly regulated the air-water exchange； （4）The malondialdehyde content（MDA）， superoxide dismutase activity（SOD）， peroxidase activity（POD） and free proline content（Pro） were increased respectively with GWD increasing， but the content of soluble protein（SP）， soluble sugar（SS） were both decreased， which indicated that the cell membrane permeability and photosynthetic carbon assimilation were inhibited respectively with GWD increasing. P. euphratica enhanced the protective enzyme activity（POD， SOD） and osmoregulation content（Pro） to cooperate against drought stress caused by GWD increasing， and ensured to maintain the basic normal physiological activities. This was the eco-physiological strategy for P. euphratica to adapt arid desert environment.
In order to improve the structure of low-efficiency forest in hilly， the total carbon（C） release of Pinus massoniana and native broad-leaved tree species in the process of mixed decomposition of litter was investigated. The litters of Pinus massoniana， Sassafras tzumu， Cinnamomum camphora and Toona sinensis that widely distributed in South China were divided into 35 treatments according to different tree species combination and mixed proportion， and then field decomposition experiments were carried out to explore the best combination and mixing ratio of C release. The results showed that the C release of leaf litter of T. sinensis was the fastest， followed by S. tzumu and C. camphora litter， and the slowest in P. massoniana litter among the four tree species， In 31 mixed litter leaves treatments， the non-additive effect of C release increased at first and then decreased with the extension of decomposition time. Compared with other seasons， the non-additive effect of C release rate decreased in autumn. Among the combinations of P. massoniana with a broad tree， the synergistic effect of PC73 and PC64 was stronger in the treatment with broadleaf accounting for more than 30% in the combination of P. massoniana and C. camphora leaf litter； Among the combination of P. massoniana with two or three broad trees， the treatment with broad leaf accounting for more than 30% and containing T. sinensis litter： PST613 and 712， PCT631 and 613， PSCT7111 and 6121 showed stronger synergistic effect.
Northeast China is the richest area of lycophytes and ferns in northern China， and systematic study on its flora is the basis and premise of regional lycophyte and fern resource management. In this study， based on literature analysis and specimen review， the flora and characteristics of lycophytes and ferns in Northeast China were explored. The results showed that： ①There were 141 taxa（species and intraspecific taxa）， which belonged to 48 genera of 19 families. ②The flora of lycophytes and fern in Northeast China was temperate， with ancient tropical origins and cold zone components， which indicated the complexity of its geographical composition. ③Predominant families and genera were obvious： the number of species in seven dominant families accounted for 63.83% of the total number of species， and six dominant genera for 46.10%. There were also many monotypic genera and oligotypic genera with two or three species， accounting for 83.33% of the total number of genera， but 47.52% of the total number of species. ④Northeast China was an important distribution area of Equisetaceae in China. ⑤A total of 30 Chinese endemic species of lycophytes and ferns were distributed in Northeast China， of which four species were endemic to Northeast China（Huperzia asiatica， Athyrium yokoscense var. kirismaense， Deparia pycnosora var. longidens and Parathelypteris changbaishanensis）. This study provided a necessary supplement to the study of flora in Northeast China， and had important theoretical and practical significance.
According to Article 9.2 of International Code of Nomenclature for algae， fungi， and plants（Shenzhen Code）， the typographical errors in the protologues of nine taxa （Sympetalae） in China were corrected respectively， including Limonium drepanostachyum Ik.-Gal. ssp. callianthum T. X. Peng， Phlomis pararotata Sun ex C. H. Hu， Salvia chunganensis C. Y. Wu & Y. C. Huang， Scutellaria pekinensis Maxim. var. grandiflora C. Y. Wu & H. W. Li， Lindernia macrobotrys P. C. Tsoong， Pedicularis minutilabris P. C. Tsoong， Chirita shuii Z. Y. Li， Codonopsis levicalyx L. D. Shen and Jurinea flaccida C. Shih.
The cuticle is an impermeable fatty layer on the surface of the epidermal cell wall， and closely combined with epidermal cells， the micromorphological characteristics such as the morphology and arrangement of plant epidermal cells， as well as the morphological structure of the stomatal apparatus， can be reflected in the cuticle. In this paper， the cuticular micromorphology of needles of 12 species of Pinus was observed and compared by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope， and 20 characters were described in detail， of which 12 characters came from the inner surface of the cuticles and eight characters from the outer surface of the cuticles respectively. The results showed that these characters had taxonomic importance for the intra-genus classification and the identification of similar species： ①Micromorphological features of the cuticle such as the length of epidermal cells， the length of bristle， the undulating degree of the outer surface of the cuticle， the outline of epidermal cells， the presence or absence of stomatal plug and needle-like substances had their specificities， which could be used as a basis for the classification of Pinus at the section level. The micromorphological features of cuticles did not support the view of merging P. Section Cembra and P. Section Parrya into P. Section Quinquefolius， nor did it support the view of dividing P. Section Pinus into P. Section Pinus and P. Section Trifolius. ②The cuticle micromorphological characteristics of the needles of P. bungeana were partly the same as P. Section Cembra， partly similar to P. Section Pinus， and partly different from other species of Pinus， which could provide a new argument for the establishment of P. Subgenus Parrya. ③Under scanning electron microscope， the anticlinal wall pattern of epidermal cells， the existence or nonexistence of stomatal plug and the stomatal shape of the outer surface could provide interspecific delimitation basis for morphologically similar species of P. taeda and P. elliottii.
The oogenesis of Lygodium japonicum（Thunb.） Sw. was studied by histochemical method in this study. The results of PAS reaction showed that the extracellular viscous substances of neck canal and ventral canal cells were polysaccharides； there were plastids and rich starch granules in cell of archegonium in the early stage of oogenesis， with the development of archegonium， the number and volume of starch granules in the egg and neck canal and ventral canal cells gradually decreased， and finally degenerated and disappeared. The results of Sudan black B reaction showed that the extracellular viscous substances of neck canal and ventral canal cells of L. japonicum also contain lipids， but there was no obvious lipids production in egg cells. Comprehensive studies showed that there was no accumulation of carbohydrates or lipids in the plasma membrane of egg cells. From the perspective of histochemistry， this study confirmed the particularity of L. japonicum， it had the characteristics of both primitive ferns and evolutionary ferns.
Ceratopteris thalictroides L. Brongn. was treated with different concentrations of brefeldin A（BFA） for 10， 20， 30 h， respectively and the resin sections were observed by optical microscope and electron microscope. On this basis， the periodic acid schiff reaction（PAS） and Sudan black B reaction were carried out. The results showed that in the control， the egg of C. thalictroides in the middle stage of development was larger， the nucleolus was round， and the organelles such as Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum were complete. The fertilization pore between egg and ventral canal cell was clearly visible and there was only a small amount of vesicular secretion in separation cavity between them. Egg membrane was thick with distinct layers. However， under the treatments， the fertilization pore and egg membrane were not typical， which were composed of a large number of vesicles with different sizes. There were more mitochondria and a few Golgi body under fertilization pore； membrane organelles such as Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum， etc. were broken. A large number of osmiophilic vesicles were distributed above nucleus and below egg membrane and the separation cavity was filled with flocculent substances. Tissue localization showed that separation cavity of the control was empty， while those of treatments were full of polysaccharides. In conclusion， BFA could damage membrane organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body， etc.， affected the normal function of secretory system first and then the formation of egg membrane and fertilization pore. The results of this study lay a foundation for further study on the mechanism of fertilization pore formation and the reproductive biology of ferns.
Being the key floral structure of the reciprocal relationship between flowering plants and pollinators， the analysis of the differences of nectary structure among species with different reproductive characteristics could provide theoretical basis for understanding the evolution of reproductive characteristics of flowering plants. Two contrary species， Roscoea cautleoides with highly specialized outcrossing pollination system and R.schneideriana with autonomous selfing， were used to explore the biological importance of nectary. Nectary size and volume were recorded in the field and nectary location， external form and internal structure were observed by paraffin section staining method. The results showed that： both species had structural nectary. From the external morphology， R. cautleoides nectary was developed and secreted higher concentration sugar， while R. schneideriana nectary was wilting and had no nectar secretion. From the internal structure comparison， R. cautleoides nectary was specialized and the division of structure was clear， while R. schneideriana nectary structure appeared a degree of degradation. These results provid an important basis for revealing the differences of floral characteristics， pollination mechanism and breeding system， as well as the mechanism of nectar secretion between outcrossing and selfing species in Roscoea. It also lays a scientific foundation for further exploring the coevolutionary relationship between plants and pollinators， and understanding the origin and maintenance mechanism of nectary diversity.
A total of 106 clones of Picea crassifolia in Longqu P. crassifolia Clone Seed Orchard in Zhangye were used as materials， and the genomic DNA of P. crassifolia was extracted by improved CTAB method， the SLAF library was constructed and sequenced with high flux， and then the SLAF sequencing data were analyzed and SNP sites were screened， and the clustering of samples was obtained based on adjacency analysis respectively. The results showed that the efficiency of two terminal alignment was 95.33%， indicated that the SLAF database was successfully established. The Q30 of the sequence measured and the sequencing quality was high， but the error rate of base sequencing was low. A total of 4 058 883 SLAF tags were developed， and the average sequencing depth of the tags was 21.21×. A total of 12 275 765 P. crassifolia SNP markers were developed， and the number of SNPs in each P. crassifolia sample ranged from 1 890 934-4 487 841. Using the developed high quality SNP markers of P. crassifolia， 106 phylogenetic trees of P. crassifolia were constructed. It was found that P. crassifolia from different provenances were evenly distributed in each group， and P. crassifolia from different provenances mostly were clustered into one class. By SNP markers and principal component analysis， these clones were more likely to be derived from the same ancestor， indicated that the genetic relationship between clones was similar. It provids basic data for the analysis of genetic diversity and the construction of genetic map in the future， and also provids a basis for the elite seeds selection in P. crassifolia primary seed orchard， and lays a foundation for the construction of high generation seed orchard.
As the important timber tree in Northeast China， comprehensive selection based on growth traits and wood traits was essential for Larix olgensis. A total of 49 half-sib families of L. olgensis at 32-year-old from Wangqing Forestry Bureau， in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Region of Jilin Province was selected as materials. Nine growth traits（tree height， ground diameter， diameter of breast height， diameter of stem at 3 m height， volume， taperingness， crown width， branch angle and stem straightness degree） and four wood traits（wood density， tracheid length， tracheid width and tracheid length-width ratio） were measured and analyzed respectively. The difference of all traits among different sources of variation reached extremely significant levels（P<0.01）. The heritability of all traits was high（0.51-0.96）. The range of phenotypic variation coefficient was 3.04%（branch angle）-23.15%（crown width）. The correlation coefficient ranged from -0.367（tracheid width and tracheid length-width ratio） to 0.994（diameter of breast height and volume）. Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the four principal components reached 78.46%， which included most of the information about the growth traits and wood traits of the pedigree. The pedigrees were evaluated by growth and wood traits， respectively. Five elite pedigrees with good growth（S78， S81， S80， S84 and S83）， five elite pedigrees with good wood quality（S37， S51， S6， S30 and S19）， and five elite pedigrees combined with growth and wood traits（S89， S74， S76， S82 and S83） were selected respectively. The selected materials could provide the basis for breeding superior varieties and improving seed orchards construction.
