Gene expression determines the growth， differentiation， and various traits and functions of multicellular organisms. In this process， transcriptional regulation is one of the most critical steps of gene expression. Since 2018， gene expressions regulated by the liquid-liquid phase-separated condensates formed by biological macromolecules in mammalian cells have been continuously revealed. However， the research in understanding the role of phase separation in the gene transcription process of plant cells has achieved relatively limited progression. In this review， we first introduced the mechanisms of phase separation-regulated gene expression， discussed its relevant basic research approaches， and summarized key findings in the mechanistic studies of phase separation in regulating gene transcription during the growth， development and stress response of plants. Finally， we provided our perspectives for future researches to expand and deepen the understanding of phase separation regulation mechanisms of plant gene expression.

Plant growth and development are regulated by a combination of various phytohormones. Brassin-osteroids（BRs）， as important steroid phytohormones， participate in “crosstalk” with other phytohormones to regulate physiological processes such as seed germination， root growth and development， photomorphogenesis， and fruit ripening. This review summarizes recent research progress on the fine-tuned regulation of plant growth， development， and stress responses by Brassinolide（BR） in conjunction with other phytohormones， aiming to provide important references for related research.

The R. roxburghii leaves were used as materials， and the triterpenoid chemical components were systematically isolated and purified from leaves by using methods of silica gel column chromatography， Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography， and semi HPLC， respectively. The structures of the compounds were identified through physicochemical properties and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （NMR） spectral data， and a total of 13 compounds were isolated and identified. Among them， there were two tetracyclic triterpenoid compounds， three pentacyclic triterpenoid glycosides， and eight pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid compounds， including a novel compound monomer. The structures identified were （1）β- sitosterol， （2）daucosterol， （3）2α，3α，19α-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside， （4）kaji-ichigoside F1， （5）rosamultin， （6）rosamultic acid， （7）new compound， （8）hyptadienic acid， （9）euscaphic acid， （10）tormentic acid， （11）corosolic acid， （12）betulinic acid， and （13）maslinic acid， respectively， and the compounds No.2， No.6， No.7 and No.8 were isolated and identified from this plant for the first time. This study clarified the triterpenoid components in R. roxburghii leaves， and provided scientific basis for the development and utilization of R. roxburghii leaf resources.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between calcium uptake， organic acid metabolism and IAA during the development and ripening of Cerasus humilis fruit by treatment with exogenous plant growth regulator 2，4-D. The low-calcium C. humilis MY-9 fruit in Inner Mongolia was sprayed for 2，4-D at the young fruit stage and the coloring and swelling stage， and the effects on calcium uptake and organic acid metabolism and IAA during fruit development and maturity under 2，4-D treatment were studied with clean water treatment as control， and correlation analysis was carried out. The results showed that （1）In terms of calcium uptake rate， the uptake rate of pectin calcium， active calcium and total calcium was similar to that of the control， which increased first and then decreased， the uptake rate of the above three types of calcium from hard core stage to maturity stage was significantly higher than that of the control. On the contrary， the uptake rate of water-soluble calcium decreased first and then increased， and the value at late stage of fruit development was significantly higher than that of the control. In terms of calcium uptake activity， the changes of the four calcium forms were similar， showing a continuous decrease， and the calcium uptake activity of the treatment was significantly higher than that of the control. In terms of relative-growth calcium uptake， the changes of the four calcium forms were consistent， all of which increased first and then decreased， and the value of treatment at the hard-core and full-maturity stages was significantly higher than that of the control. （2）The activity of NAD-MDH， the amount of malic acid and organic acid increased with the development and maturity of fruits， and the activity of NADP-ME and citric acid decreased with the development and maturity of fruits， and the content of organic acids and related enzymes could be increased to varying degrees by 2，4-D treatment. （3）On the whole， the IAA content of the treatment and the control increased first and then decreased， and there were significant differences between the treatment and the control during the whole development period， and the 2，4-D treatment could significantly increase the IAA content of C. humilis fruit. （4）Correlation analysis showed that the uptake rate and relative-growth uptake rate of water-soluble calcium were significantly positively correlated with NAD-MDH activity， malic acid and organic acids contents， and negatively correlated with IAA content， NADP-ME activity and citric acid content. The uptake activities of pectin calcium， active calcium and total calcium were significantly positively correlated with IAA content， NADP-ME activity and citric acid content， and negatively correlated with NAD-MDH activity， malic acid and organic acids content. 2，4-D treatment increased the correlation between calcium uptake and citric acid content. In conclusion， 2，4-D treatment can increase the calcium uptake capacity， organic acid metabolism and IAA content in C. humilis fruit. With the enhancement of NAD-MDH activity， the contents of malic acid and organic acid increased， which would promote the uptake of water-soluble calcium， but decreased the uptake capacity of pectin calcium， active calcium and total calcium， while the increase of citric acid and IAA content would reduce the uptake of water-soluble calcium， and promote the uptake of pectin calcium， active calcium and total calcium. The 2，4-D treatment regulated the calcium uptake of fruits by increasing the metabolism of organic acids and the content of IAA.

Based on China Virtual Herbarium （CVH）， Plant Photo Bank of China （PPBC）， reports and contents description， combined with the actual distribution and various works in northern China， 109 invasive alien plants from 25 families， 64 genera（including 108 invasive alien plants from foreign sources and 1 invasive alien plant from domestic sources）were comprehensively and systematically sorted out in northern China for the first time. The composition， origin and distribution of 109 invasive alien plants in northern China were summarized， and their invasive route， time and damage mode were analyzed. The problems existed in the research and the management， the situation of invasive alien plants， and the related experiences and knowledge of invasive alien plants were discussed respectively.

Patterns of biomass allocation and stoichiometric characteristics offer significant insights into the expansion capacity and environmental adaptability of invasive plants. This study focused on the typical invasive plant Bidens alba L. in the riverbank area of Nanliu River， Guangxi. Based on the invasion coverage， five levels of invasion were categorized： minimal（≤15%）， mild（15% to 30%）， moderate（30% to 45%）， severe（45% to 60%）， and extremely severe（>60%）. The biomass allocation patterns， C∶N∶P stoichiometric characteristics， and the soil physicochemical properties of B. alba were comprehensively analyzed under different invasion levels， so as to explore and clarify the adaptation strategies and expansion mechanisms of B. alba. The results indicated that： （1）There was no significant difference in the biomass allocation of B. alba roots under different invasion levels（P>0.05）. Under severe and extremely severe invasions， the biomass allocation of stems significantly decreased（P<0.05）， while the biomass allocation of leaves significantly increased（P<0.05）. The average root-to-shoot ratio was not significantly different（P>0.05）. （2）As the level of invasion increased， the N and P contents in roots， stems， and leaves significantly increased（P<0.05）. The average N and P contents in leaves were 20.88 and 3.92 g?kg^-1， respectively. （3）The C∶N and C∶P in roots， stems， and leaves significantly decreased with the increase of invasion levels（P<0.05）， while the change trend of N∶P was not significant. The average values of C∶N， C∶P and N∶P in the leaves were 21.06， 118.30 and 5.49， respectively. （4）The invasion levels of B. alba were significantly positively correlated with the N and P contents in roots， stems， and leaves， as well as the C， N and P contents in soil（P<0.05）. In summary， as the level of invasion increased， the resource allocation strategy of B. alba was optimized by increasing leaf biomass and leaf N and P contents， and soil C， N and P contents by interaction with soil to form a soil environment conducive to its rapid invasion.

Understanding the stability of the community and the ecological relationship between the main populations of the rare and endangered plant Picea neoveitchii community in the Bailong River Basin can provide a theoretical basis for the protection and restoration of the endangered species P. neoveitchii. Based on the community investigation， the niche characteristics and community stability of 19 main populations of P. neoveitchii community in Bailong River Basin were analyzed by using Levins niche width， Pianka niche overlap index and M. Codron stability. The results showed that ： （1）P. neoveitchii and Cotinus coggygria var. pubescens were the absolute dominant species of the community， occupying the maximum niche width in different layers. They made full use of environmental resources and adapted to the changes of different environments in the field environment with limited resources. （2）There was a high degree of niche overlap within the community， and the degree of niche differentiation was not high， the demand of various populations for environmental resources showed a high degree of consistency， and the potential interspecies competition was strong. （3）The stability of the whole community and each vertical layer was far away from 20/80， which was in an unstable state. The research suggested that P. neoveitchii had a dominant position and strong competitive advantage in the whole community. However， the degree of niche differentiation within the community was not obvious， the potential competition among populations was fierce， and the structure of the community was extremely unstable. Insufficient resources and strong interspecies competition might be one of the reasons for its endangerment.

In order to analyze the competitive relationships among the three hardwood tree species in northeast China， a sample plot of secondary broad-leaved mixed forest with an area of 1 hm² was set in Heilongjiang Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve. The DBH greater than 5 cm， species， and coordinates of all trees in the sample plot were measured， and the competition intensity was calculated by Hegyi competition index algorithm to examine the relationship between the competition intensity and DBH of three tree species. It provides strong support for the protection of three hardwood tree species in northeast China. The results showed that in the competition between the subject trees and competing trees， the intraspecific， interspecific and average competition intensity of the tree species decreased with the increase of DBH， and the competition intensity was positively correlated with the number of subject trees. The intraspecific competition index， interspecific competition index and total competition index increased with the increase of the number of subject trees. In the competition of the three hardwood tree species， except for the Fraxinus mandshurica， Juglans mandshurica and Phellodendron amurense were the most intense intraspecific competition， and the relationships between the DBH of the subject trees and the competition indexes （intraspecific， interspecific and total） were the power function relationship.

To investigate the spatial structure， distribution pattern， and seedling regeneration of Taxus cuspidata populations， the T. cuspidata community in the Muling National Nature Reserve was used as materials， and a standard plot of 300 m×400 m was established， and individual trees were investigated for their species name， growth and spatial position. Spatial structure parameters such as uniform angle index， neighborhood comparison， and mingling degree were calculated. The spatial structure， distribution pattern， and interspecies relationship curves of T. cuspidata populations were analyzed. Four regeneration count models including Poisson， negative binomial， zero-inflated Poisson， and Hurdle-Poisson were further established and compared for the regeneration of T. cuspidata seedlings. The results indicated that： （1）the spatial structure unit of T. cuspidata populations primarily exhibited random distribution， high mingling degree， and high uniformity index， with a relative frequency of 0.619 6； （2）the population demonstrated an aggregated distribution at a scale of 0-100 m； （3）a positive correlation was observed for T. cuspidata populations at a scale of 0-150 m， and seedlings showed varying correlations with their maternal trees across different scales， while correlations with other dominant species were relatively low； （4）T. cuspidata seedlings exhibited an aggregated distribution at a scale of 0-25 m， with an optimal regeneration count model being the Negative Binomial model.

The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is known as “the Third Pole of the World”， and the southeast is a biodiversity-rich region in China， and is one of the distribution centers of China’s endemic bryophytes. Linzhi City is located in the southeast of Xizang Autonomous Region， with rich vegetation types and complex flora， but there are few studies on the diversity of bryophytes in this region. Based on the field survey data and document literatures， the flora and diversity of bryophytes at four counties（districts）in Linzhi City were analyzed， the specimens were identified and counted， the community characteristics were compared by analyzing the dominant families， dominant genera， zonal components， and diversity indices. The results showed that there were 748 species （varieties，subspecies，and variants）， 249 genera and 60 families of mosses in four typical areas of Linzhi City， with 11 dominant families， 21 dominant genera， 86 endemic species and 16 threatened species in China. This area was divided into 12 floras， and the bryophytes were distributed in the North Temperate Zone（20.94%）， Tropical Asia（18.74%）， China-Himalayan-Janpan（13.32%） and China-Endemic（12.59%）. This indicated that the bryophyte flora in this region was dominated by temperate components， and had tropical attributes， with temperate-to-tropical transition components.

In order to clarify the taxonomic relationship between Camellia huana and its related species， based on examination of type specimens， field observations of wild populations， leaf and pollen micro-morphological characteristics， as well as studies on introduction and cultivation over the past 30 years， the results indicated that： （1）The type specimens cited from C. huana actually contained different taxon； （2）C. tianeensis should be recognized as a distinct species. It differed from C. huana primarily in the flowering period from February to April（vs. mid-October to December）， and the color of annual branch ranged from light red to burgundy（vs. grey）， and its fruit was oblate triangular spherical-shape with pericarp of 1-3 mm thick（vs. fruit oblate spherical-shape with pericarp of 9-11 mm thick）. Consequently， the type specimens of C. huana and the characteristics and distributions of two species were revised.

In order to clarify the function and role of the AQP gene of Psammochloa villosa in response to drought tolerance， the AQP gene of P. villosa was cloned by using the three generations full transcriptome data and RT-PCR， and the bioinformatics and expression patterns of AQP gene under drought stress and drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco（Nicotiana tabacum） were analyzed， respectively. The results indicated that： （1）the AQP gene of P. villosa was successfully cloned， named PvAQP（GenBank number： ON792207）， CDS length of PvAQP was 867 bp， encoding 288 amino acids and belonging to hydrophobic protein. （2）PvAQP had obvious transmembrane structure with a complete MIP domain， which was a transmembrane protein. （3）The secondary structure of PvAQP encoded protein included α-helix， irregular curls， extended chains and β-fold， while the tertiary structure was mainly composed of α-helix and irregular curls. （4）PvAQP gene had no signal peptide structure， no glycosylation sites， and contained 19 phosphorylation sites. （5）Subcellular localization analysis showed that PvAQP protein was localized in the nucleus. （6）Among different species， the homology with amino acid sequences of PvAQP gene was 95.34%. P. villosa had the closest genetic relationship with Stipa caucasica. （7）The expression of PvAQP gene was tissue-specific， with significant differences in the roots， stems， and leaves of P. villosa. （8）With the increase of simulated drought-stress time， the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD）， peroxidase（POD） and catalase（CAT）， and the content of proline（PRO） first increased and then decreased in transgenic tobacco and wild type tobacco. Compared with wild type tobacco， the express levels in the transgenic tobacco were higher， while the content of malondialdehyde（MDA） showed an increasing trend， and the content of MDA in transgenic PvAQP gene-type was significantly lower than that of wild type. The results suggested that PvAQP gene might be involved in the physiological process of drought tolerance within P. villosa， and provided the theoretical evidence for revealing the molecular mechanism of PvAQP gene responding to drought tolerancein the future.

In order to investigate the effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and development and its bulb metabolites of Lilium davidii var. unicolor， L. davidii var. unicolor was used as the experimental material， CK （peat+perlite） and TR（peat+perlite+B. subtilis） treatments were conducted using B. subtilis by root irrigation. The growth changes of L. davidii var. unicolor at different stages （budding period， flowering period and semi-dry period） were observed， the differential metabolites in bulbs in semi-dry period were detected and analyzed by LC-MS method. The results showed that compared with CK， TR treatment had promoting effects on plant height， stem diameter， number of blades， chlorophyll content， basal root number， stem root number and circumference of L. davidii var. unicolor， respectively. Compared with CK， the plant height and stem diameter under TR treatment showed significant differences（P<0.05） at the budding period， which increased by 20.06% and 40.68%， respectively. The number of leaves increased significantly at budding period and flowering period （P<0.05）， reaching 1.35 times and 1.45 times of CK， respectively. At the flowering period， compared with CK， the circumference of bulbs and the number of rooting of L. davidii var. unicolor. stems treated with TR were increased by 15.87% and 58.14%， respectively，and the difference was significant（P<0.05）. In the bulb metabolites analysis， 408 differential metabolites were screened from the bulbs in CK vs TR groups. A total of 14 metabolic pathways were enriched， and the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism and synthesis pathways. In summary， the application of B. subtilis could promote the growth and development of L. davidii var. unicolor and affect the metabolism of nutrients in the bulbs.

To promote gene function research and somatic hybrid breeding， a protoplast isolation and purification system for Lilium davidii var. unicolor was established， and the optimal parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis of protoplasts were determined by investigating the key factors such as material selection， osmotic regulator concentration， enzyme dosage， enzymatic hydrolysis time， and purification conditions. The results demonstrated that the homogeneous mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from leaves sub-cultured for about 30 d and digested with the enzyme solution containing 15 g?L^-1 cellulase and 5 g?L^-1 segregation enzyme for 3 h in the presence of 0.4 mol?L^-1 mannitol， and the average yield was more than 4×10⁶ cells·g^-1 with the cell viability exceeding 90%. Positive transformers were obtained successfully by 35S：：GFP plasmids transfected with 0.4 g?mL^-1 PEG-4000 for 15 min. At the same time， the protoplasts fused to form binucleated cells by 0.5 g?mL^-1 PEG-4000 and 5 mmol?L^-1 CaCl₂， pH=10. This system provided high-quality cell materials for L. davidii var. unicolor protoplast fusion breeding and established a platform for gene function research.

To obtain an optimal Fe²⁺ concentration for culturing test tube bulbils of Pinellia ternata， the concentrations of Fe²⁺ in 1/2MS basic medium were changed in gradient； the formation time， induction rate and the above-ground and underground morphological indices of test-tube plantlets were investigated. The number and distribution of starch granules and the content of chlorophyll in leaves and the content of effective components in test tube bulbils were assayed. The results showed that the optimal Fe²⁺ concentration in 1/2MS basic medium for culturing test tube bulbils was 9.2×10^-5 mol?L^-1. In addition， the complete bulbils could not be formed under Fe deficiency. This indicated that Fe was an essential trace element in growth of P. ternata. However， the bulbils formed under high concentration of Fe²⁺ were very small and failed to germinate normally.

The shoot tips of Dianthus plumarius were used as explants， and the optimal disinfection duration with HgCl? and the suitable proliferation medium were screened out. The effects of adding activated carbon（AC）， chlormequat（CCC）， polyvinylpyrrolidone（PVP）， and paclobutrazol（PP₃₃₃） on the vitrification aseptic seedlingsof D. plumarius， as well as the impact of different plant hormone ratios on rooting were investigated. The results indicated that the appropriate disinfection method for shoot tips of D. plumarius was 75% ethanol for 30 s followed by 0.1% HgCl₂ for 10 min， and the survival rate was 86.63%. The suitable proliferation medium was identified as MS supplemented with 2 mg?L^-1 6-benzylaminopurine（6-BA）， 0.05 mg?L^-1 Naphthaleneacetic acid （NAA）， 30 g?L^-1 sucrose， and 7 g?L^-1 agar， resulting in cluster buds proliferation rate of 90.28%， with an average bud height of 5.25 cm and a high proliferation coefficient of 12.31. In reducing the vitrification effect aseptic seedlingsof D. plumarius， the effect from high to low was CCC， AC， PP₃₃₃ and PVP. Adding 3 mg?L^-1 CCC in 1/2 MS medium was beneficial for overcoming the vitrification phenomenon and promoting plant growth. Adding 0.5 mg?L?1 NAA to the medium formula that is optimal for overcoming the vitrification rate is appropriate for the rooting of sterile seedlings of D. plumarius semperflorens. The rooting rate can reach 100%， with an average root length of 16.83 cm and an average number of 15.66 roots per individual plant. The findings provided theoretical and technical supports for the rapid propagation and industrial seedling production of D. plumarius.