Effect of Exogenous Gibberellin on Seed Germination of Agastache rugosa under Salt Stress

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2026.03.009

Abstract

Abstract:

To explore the alleviative effect of exogenous gibberellin（GA₃） on the inhibition of seed germination of Agastache rugosa under salt stress， seeds of wild A. rugosa were used as materials to analyze the effects of salt stress simulated by NaCl solution on seed germination. Furthermore， transcriptome sequencing was performed on seeds at germination stages with significant physiological changes to elucidate the molecular mechanism of exogenous GA₃ regulating the response of A. rugosa seeds to salt stress from the gene expression level. The results showed that NaCl stress significantly inhibited seed germination， aggravated membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic imbalance， induced oxidative damage， and disrupted normal physiological and metabolic processes. Treatment with 150 mg⋅L^-1 GA₃ alleviated membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic stress， regulated the antioxidant system， and thus mitigated the inhibitory effect of salt stress on seed germination. Transcriptome analysis revealed that under salt stress， differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction， starch and sucrose metabolism， and mitogen-activated protein kinase（MAPK） signaling pathway， indicating that these pathways play key roles in plant salt stress responses. Under GA₃ treatment， differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in photosynthesis， phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and carbon fixation pathways， suggesting that GA₃ may alleviate salt stress by promoting energy metabolism and secondary metabolism. In addition， GA₃ significantly reduced salt stress-induced oxidative damage and metabolic imbalance by inhibiting ROS-related genes such as WRKY33， OXI1 and CALM， and regulating the ABA signaling pathway gene PP2C and jasmonic acid signaling pathway gene JAR1-4-6. This study confirmed that exogenous GA₃ could enhance salt tolerance and improve germination rate of A. rugosa seeds through synergistic effects of multiple pathways， such as alleviating oxidative damage and regulating key genes and metabolic pathways.

Key words: Agastache rugosa, salt stress, seed germination, gibberellin, transcriptome

CLC Number:

S567.239

Siqi WANG, Yunjie BI, Huixian LI, Zhengbao SONG, Runke LIU, Ruixin GAO. Effect of Exogenous Gibberellin on Seed Germination of Agastache rugosa under Salt Stress[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2026, 46(3): 481-492.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1

Table 2

Fig.1

Table 3

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

References 30

[1]	周繇.中国东北药用植物资源图志［M］.哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社，2021：5600.
	ZHOU Y.Atlas of medicinal plant resource in the northeast of China［M］.Harbin：Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press，2021：5600.
[2]	任琦琦，刘洋洋，冯剑，等.经典名方中藿香类药材的本草考证［J］.中国实验方剂学杂志，2023，29（6）：1-13.
	REN Q Q， LIU Y Y， FENG J，et al.Herbal textual research on Huoxiang in famous classical formulas［J］.Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae，2023，29（6）：1-13.
[3]	李玉梅，姜云天，曲广男.盐胁迫对东北藿香种子萌发的影响［J］.中药材，2019，42（11）：2491-2496.
	LI Y M， JIANG Y T， QU G N.Effects of salt stress on germination of Agastache rugosa seeds［J］.Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials，2019，42（11）：2491-2496.
[4]	JAMEEL J， ANWAR T， MAJEED S，et al.Effect of salinity on growth and biochemical responses of brinjal varieties：implications for salt tolerance and antioxidant mechanisms［J］.BMC Plant Biology，2024，24（1）：128.
[5]	LAMSAADI N， FARSSI O， MOUKHTARI AEL，et al.Different approaches to improve the tolerance of aromatic and medicinal plants to salt stressed conditions［J］.Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants，2024，39：100532.
[6]	高赢，王晶，路金才，等.藿香种子的发芽特性研究［J］.种子，2017，36（6）：105-107.
	GAO Y， WANG J， LU J C，et al.Study on seeds germination characteristics of Agastache rugosa（Fisch et Mey） O.Kuntze［J］.Seed，2017，36（6）：105-107.
[7]	ZHANG Y， FU C H， ZHOU R R，et al.Effect of prechilling and exogenous gibberellin on seed germination of Primulina eburnea：a calcium-rich vegetable［J］.Seed Science and Technology，2023，51（1）：1-6.
[8]	陈本菊，刘容，李振华，等.外源赤霉素浸种对盐胁迫下高羊茅种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响［J］.草原与草坪，2024，44（4）：103-112.
	CHEN B J， LIU R， LI Z H，et al.Effects of soaking seeds with exogenous gibberellin on seed germination and seedling growth of tall fescue under salt stress［J］.Grassland and Turf，2024，44（4）：103-112.
[9]	胡纪龙，崔仕方，闫钘，等.外源赤霉素对干旱胁迫下中华常春藤生理特性的影响［J］.云南农业大学学报（自然科学），2024，39（4）：110-118.
	HU J L， CUI S F， YAN X，et al.Effects of exogenous gibberellic acid on physiological characteristics of Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis under drought stress［J］.Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University （Natural Science），2024，39（4）：110-118.
[10]	王楠，高静，黄文静，等.赤霉素浸种时长和施用浓度对重度干旱和盐胁迫下黄芪幼苗发育的影响［J］.生态学杂志，2019，38（9）：2693-2701.
	WANG N， GAO J， HUANG W J，et al.The effects of concentration and duration of seed soaking by GA₃ on the development of Astragalus membranaceus seedlings under severe drought and salt stresses［J］.Chinese Journal of Ecology，2019，38（9）：2693-2701.
[11]	郑知临，曹红利，王鹏杰，等.茶树种子发育过程的转录组分析［J］.西北植物学报，2019，39（9）：1534-1542.
	ZHENG Z L， CAO H L， WANG P J，et al.Transcriptomics analysis of Camellia sinensis seed in three different development stages［J］.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica，2019，39（9）：1534-1542.
[12]	HENRY R J， FURTADO A， RANGAN P.Wheat seed transcriptome reveals genes controlling key traits for human preference and crop adaptation［J］.Current Opinion in Plant Biology，2018，45：231-236.
[13]	高诗文.白刺属植物种子休眠、萌发抗逆性与土壤种子持久性研究［D］.兰州：兰州大学，2021.
	GAO S W.Study on seed dormancy，germination resistance to adverse stresses and soil seed persistence in genus Nitraria ［D］.Lanzhou：Lanzhou University，2021.
[14]	何欣月.黄土丘陵区典型乡土植物种子萌发对温度和水分的响应［D］.西安：陕西师范大学，2021.
	HE X Y.Responses of seed germination of typical native plants to temperature and moisture in the loess hilly region［D］.Xi’an：Shaanxi Normal University，2021.
[15]	姬东玲.穗分化期高温胁迫下茉莉酸甲酯对水稻穗形态建成的调控机理［D］.扬州：扬州大学，2024.
	JI D L.Regulation mechanism of methyl jasmonate on panicle morphogenesis in rice under high temperature stress during the panicle differentiation stage［D］.Yangzhou：Yangzhou University，2024.
[16]	GRZYBOWSKA D， ŻARCZYŃSKA K， SOBIECH P，et al.Persistently high concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate affect hepatic SOD2 expression and blood SOD activity in high-yielding dairy cows［J］.BMC Veterinary Research，2025，21（1）：12.
[17]	CENDRON A， CHIANESE M， ZARZYCKI K，et al.Chelating properties of N₆O-donors toward Cu（II） ions：speciation in aqueous environments and catalytic activity of the dinuclear complexes［J］.Molecules，2024，29（23）：5708.
[18]	STEADMAN K J， PRITCHARD H W， DEY P M.Tissue-specific soluble sugars in seeds as indicators of storage category［J］.Annals of Botany，1996，77（6）：667-674.
[19]	张兰兰，张欣欣，孙阎.三花龙胆不同器官可溶性糖和龙胆苦苷含量的动态研究［J］.中国农学通报，2017，33（9）：78-83.
	ZHANG L L， ZHANG X X， SUN Y.Dynamic study on soluble sugar and gentiopicroside content in different organs of Gentiana triflora Pall.［J］.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin，2017，33（9）：78-83.
[20]	张丽娜.广藿香提取物对黄瓜炭疽病菌抑制作用研究［D］.哈尔滨：黑龙江大学，2023.
	ZHANG L N.Study on the inhibitory effect of Pogostemon cablin extract on Colletotrichum orbiculare ［D］.Harbin：Heilongjiang University，2023.
[21]	郑涛.广藿香酮抑制破骨细胞分化治疗乳腺癌骨溶解的机制研究［D］.长沙：中南大学，2023.
	ZHENG T.The mechanism of pogostone inhibiting osteoclast differentiation in the treatment of breast cancer osteolysis［D］.Changsha：Central South University，2023.
[22]	任方方.外源GA₃对NaCl胁迫下泡桐种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响［D］.郑州：河南农业大学，2021.
	REN F F.The effects of exogenous gibberellin on the seed germination and seedling physiological characteristics of Paulownia under salt stress［D］.Zhengzhou：Henan Agricultural University，2021.
[23]	陈红，许凌欣，王梦琦，等.外源赤霉素和褪黑素对三种胁迫下白三叶种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理的影响［J］.草地学报，2024，32（3）：781-792.
	CHEN H， XU L X， WANG M Q，et al.Effects of exogenous gibberellin and melatonin on seed germination，seedling growth and physiology of Trifolium repens under three stresses［J］.Acta Agrestia Sinica，2024，32（3）：781-792.
[24]	张婷婷，刘宇乐，陈红，等.不同外源物质对盐、碱及干旱胁迫下草木樨种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理的影响［J］.草业学报，2024，33（8）：122-132.
	ZHANG T T， LIU Y L， CHEN H，et al.Effects of different exogenous substances on the seed germination，seedling growth，and physiology of Melilotus suaveolens under salt，alkali，and drought stress［J］.Acta Prataculturae Sinica，2024，33（8）：122-132.
[25]	李静，房震，叶春秀.新疆野苹果种子MsWRKY33基因的克隆、亚细胞定位及表达分析［J］.西北农业学报，2024，33（12）：2328-2336.
	LI J， FANG Z， YE C X.Cloning，subcellular localization and expression analysis of MsWRKY33 gene in Malus sieversii seeds［J］.Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica，2024，33（12）：2328-2336.
[26]	陈明媛.褪黑素对盐旱胁迫下棉花种子萌发和幼苗生理代谢的调节效应［D］.石河子：石河子大学，2023.
	CHEN M Y.Effect of melatonin on cotton seed germination and seedling physiological metabolism under salt and drought stress［D］.Shihezi：Shihezi University，2023.
[27]	董美灵.云南常见四种牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长抗旱性分析［D］.昆明：云南农业大学，2023.
	DONG M L.Analysis on seed germination and seedling growth resistance of four common grasses in Yunnan Province［D］.Kunming：Yunnan Agricultural University，2023.
[28]	郭馨平.大白菜幼苗对铅胁迫的生理响应及外源褪黑素缓解作用研究［D］.泰安：山东农业大学，2023.
	GUO X P.Physiological response of Chinese cabbage seedlings to lead stress and the relieving effect of exogenous melatonin［D］.Tai’an：Shandong Agricultural University，2023.
[29]	蒋健.外源褪黑素对低温胁迫下花椰菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响［D］.泰安：山东农业大学，2023.
	JIANG J.Effect of exogenous melatonin on seed germination and seedling growth of cauliflower under low temperature stress［D］.Tai’an：Shandong Agricultural University，2023.
[30]	武宇昕.盐胁迫下丸化对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响［D］.沈阳：沈阳农业大学，2023.
	WU Y X.Effects of seed pelleting on seed germination and seedling growth of sorghum under salt stress［D］.Shenyang：Shenyang Agricultural University，2023.

处理 Treatment	发芽势 Germination potential/%	发芽率 Germination rate/%	发芽指数 Germination index
CK	70.67±9.32^a	78.00±0.10^a	11.14±0.01^a
50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	39.30±0.10^b	70.00±0.10^b	10.00±0.10^b
75 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	36.60±0.10^b	57.60±0.10^c	6.81±0.01^c
100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	36.00±0.10^b	40.60±0.10^d	5.81±0.01^d
125 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	23.30±0.10^c	17.00±0.10^e	1.62±0.01^e
150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	6.00±0.10^d	11.00±0.10^f	0.86±0.01^f

处理 Treatment	发芽势 Germination potential/%	发芽率 Germination rate/%	发芽指数 Germination index
100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	36.00±1.00^a	40.60±0.10^b	5.81±0.01^b
100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl+50 mg·L^-1 GA₃	25.67±1.00^d	66.67±6.11^a	9.52±0.01^a
100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl+100 mg·L^-1 GA₃	34.67±1.00^ab	72.33±2.08^a	10.33±0.01^a
100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl+150 mg·L^-1 GA₃	31.33±1.00^c	73.33±4.51^a	10.48±0.01^a
100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl+200 mg·L^-1 GA₃	32.67±1.00^bc	72.67±7.51^a	10.38±1.00^a