Genetic Variation Analysis of Radial Growth and Superior Family Selection in Korean Pine Half-Sib Families

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2026.01.014

Abstract

Abstract:

To analyze the genetic variation in diameter growth among half-sib families of Korean pine（Pinus koraiensis） across different stand ages and to select superior families， thereby providing high-quality materials for advanced-generation breeding populations， a progeny test forest was established using half-sib families sourced from the National Korean Pine Seed Orchard at Lushuihe Forestry Co.， Ltd.， Jilin Province. Diameters at breast height（DBH） of 34 tested families（including one control） were measured at stand ages of 18， 23， 27， and 32 a. Differences in DBH among families were assessed using analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. Genetic parameters， including phenotypic and genetic coefficients of variation and family heritability， were calculated based on variance components. The breeding values of families were estimated using the best linear unbiased prediction method. The breeding potential of families across different stand ages was comprehensively evaluated using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS） method， and superior families were selected based on comprehensive rankings. The results showed that no significant differences in DBH among families were observed at stand ages of 18， 23， and 27 a（P>0.05）. However， significant differences emerged at 32 a（P<0.05）， indicating that genetic effects gradually strengthened during tree growth. The genetic variation coefficient fluctuated minimally across ages， while the phenotypic variation coefficient decreased with stand age. Family heritability remained stable from 18 to 23 a （0.319-0.322）， declined significantly to 0.238 at 27 a， and rebounded to 0.346 at 32 a. The breeding values of families generally improved with age， with an increasing proportion of families exhibiting positive values. Based on TOPSIS rankings and a 15% selection rate， families No.766， 774， 851， 899， and 853 were selected， achieving a genetic progress of 4.06%. At 32 a， the average DBH of superior families exceeded the control by 19.72%， with realized and genetic gains of 12.40% and 4.29%， respectively. The average individual tree volume of superior families surpassed the mean of tested families by 33.09%. Artificial selection of superior families yielded significant gains， providing high-quality breeding materials for advanced-generation Korean pine breeding populations. This study has positive implications for the genetic improvement of growth traits in Korean pine.

Key words: Pinus koraiensis, diameters at breast height, genetic variation, family selection

CLC Number:

S722.5

Qingbin JIA, Xudong YAO, Guixiang JIN, Hongying YU, Yanxia LI. Genetic Variation Analysis of Radial Growth and Superior Family Selection in Korean Pine Half-Sib Families[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2026, 46(1): 158-166.

Figures/Tables 4

Table 1

Table 2

Estimation of genetic parameters for DBH in half-sib families of Korean pine

林龄 Stand age/a	胸径均值 Mean DBH/cm	变幅 Variation range/cm	变异系数 C_V	遗传方差 $σ g 2$	表型方差 $σ p 2$	遗传变异系数 C_V，G	表型变异系数 C_V，P	家系遗传力 H²
18	7.62	2.05~12.80	0.293 9	0.149	3.017	0.050 7	0.227 9	0.319
23	12.14	4.00~18.70	0.261 0	0.285	5.685	0.044 0	0.196 4	0.322
27	14.55	5.10~23.10	0.244 2	0.268	7.997	0.035 6	0.194 4	0.238
32	17.01	5.70~30.00	0.248 0	0.572	10.295	0.044 5	0.188 6	0.346

Table 2

Table 3

Coefficient of variation and breeding value in half-sib families of Korean pine

林龄Stand age 18 a				林龄Stand age 23 a				林龄Stand age 27 a				林龄Stand age 32 a
家系 Family	均值 Mean/cm	变异系数 C_V	育种值 Breeding value	家系 Family	均值 Mean/cm	变异系数 C_V	育种值 Breeding value	家系 Family	均值 Mean/cm	变异系数 C_V	育种值 Breeding value	家系 Family	均值 Mean/cm	变异系数 C_V	育种值 Breeding value
851	9.08±1.89^a	0.208 4	0.465 3	774	14.42±2.66^a	0.184 2	0.734 5	774	16.81±3.57^a	0.212 6	0.539 2	766	20.47±5.81^a	0.284 0	1.200 2
774	8.79±2.25^ab	0.256 1	0.371 8	766	14.26±3.22^ab	0.225 7	0.684 3	766	16.73±4.31^ab	0.257 7	0.518 5	774	19.63±3.76^ab	0.191 5	0.907 9
749	8.70±2.05^abc	0.235 6	0.346 1	851	13.61±2.55^abc	0.187 1	0.474 6	851	16.06±3.29^abc	0.204 9	0.358 8	899	18.66±4.41^abc	0.236 5	0.571 4
766	8.67±2.20^abc	0.254 0	0.333 1	749	13.42±3.18^abc	0.236 6	0.414 1	853	16.04±3.24^abc	0.202 1	0.354 6	853	18.56±3.50^abc	0.188 6	0.536 5
712	8.61±1.33^abc	0.154 7	0.314 9	853	13.34±3.21^abc	0.240 3	0.386 4	908	15.98±4.56^abc	0.285 6	0.340 3	851	18.27±4.41^abc	0.241 3	0.437 2
899	8.45±2.46^abcd	0.290 6	0.265 0	899	13.25±3.23^abcd	0.243 7	0.358 6	899	15.74±4.07^abcd	0.258 5	0.283 9	908	18.06±5.24^abcd	0.290 3	0.365 1
916	8.45±2.33^abcd	0.275 5	0.264 2	727	13.22±2.60^abcd	0.201 7	0.350 3	727	15.66±3.54^abcd	0.225 9	0.264 9	986	18.06±4.87^abcd	0.269 8	0.365 1
853	8.20±2.65^abcd	0.322 6	0.183 3	944	12.76±3.00^abcde	0.235 1	0.201 7	749	15.43±3.81^abcd	0.247 1	0.208 9	788	17.80±3.76^abcd	0.211 5	0.274 1
727	8.14±2.12^abcd	0.260 9	0.165 7	908	12.50±4.35^abcde	0.348 3	0.116 1	762	15.29±3.05^abcd	0.199 2	0.176 9	762	17.61±4.10^abcd	0.233 1	0.209 0
762	7.99±2.13^abcd	0.267 0	0.116 1	916	12.48±2.77^abcde	0.222 1	0.109 2	944	14.95±3.98^abcd	0.266 1	0.094 7	944	17.54±5.11^abcd	0.291 6	0.185 9
771	7.83±2.42^abcd	0.308 5	0.067 1	762	12.35±2.82^abcde	0.228 3	0.069 9	788	14.93±3.40^abcd	0.227 7	0.090 9	727	17.50±4.60^abcd	0.262 9	0.170 9
986	7.79±2.43^abcd	0.311 5	0.053 0	712	12.29±2.04^abcde	0.166 1	0.047 8	914	14.75±3.96^abcd	0.268 5	0.048 6	729	17.38±4.35^abcd	0.250 4	0.129 5
713	7.77±2.26^abcd	0.290 7	0.046 6	729	12.26±2.94^abcde	0.239 7	0.038 0	729	14.72±3.80^abcd	0.257 9	0.039 8	749	17.37±5.03^abcd	0.289 3	0.125 4
620	7.76±2.20^abcd	0.283 5	0.044 2	717	12.07±2.72^abcde	0.225 0	-0.022 9	771	14.70±2.96^abcd	0.201 1	0.036 4	914	17.36±5.33^abcd	0.307 1	0.120 9
717	7.75±2.30^abcd	0.296 6	0.040 9	914	12.06±3.57^abcde	0.296 1	-0.024 4	918	14.66±3.17^abcd	0.216 5	0.025 4	712	17.32±3.46^abcd	0.199 5	0.109 3
908	7.70±2.86^abcd	0.371 6	0.025 4	713	12.05±2.75^abcde	0.228 3	-0.029 2	712	14.62±2.61^abcd	0.178 2	0.016 8	771	17.21±4.88^abcd	0.283 4	0.072 2
715	7.55±2.43^abcd	0.321 4	-0.023 6	788	11.92±3.28^abcde	0.275 2	-0.069 4	715	14.37±3.24^abcd	0.225 7	-0.041 8	715	17.09±3.84^abcd	0.224 6	0.029 2
944	7.53±1.69^abcd	0.224 0	-0.028 4	909	11.90±3.09^abcde	0.259 3	-0.077 2	620	14.21±3.51^abcd	0.246 9	-0.081 3	916	17.02±3.08^abcd	0.181 0	0.004 2
CK	7.38±2.68^abcd	0.363 8	-0.0761	877	11.83±2.49^abcde	0.210 2	-0.098 8	916	14.21±3.11^abcd	0.219 2	-0.081 1	918	16.91±3.36^abcd	0.198 5	-0.032 9
757	7.23±3.03^abcd	0.419 2	-0.125 9	771	11.80±3.82^abcde	0.323 7	-0.108 5	739	14.18±3.37^abcd	0.237 5	-0.088 4	717	16.76±3.97^bcd	0.236 9	-0.085 8
863	7.18±2.08^abcd	0.289 8	-0.140 8	986	11.72±4.14^bcde	0.352 9	-0.133 0	651	14.14±3.27^abcd	0.231 1	-0.096 3	739	16.66±3.98^bcd	0.239 1	-0.120 7
924	7.17±2.03^abcd	0.283 5	-0.143 4	918	11.71±2.67^bcde	0.228 4	-0.137 7	713	14.14±3.43^abcd	0.242 9	-0.098 5	713	16.64±3.94^bcd	0.236 7	-0.126 9
909	7.16±1.76^abcd	0.245 8	-0.146 7	739	11.67±3.04^bcde	0.260 2	-0.151 5	877	14.08±3.17^abcd	0.225 2	-0.113 0	818	16.63±3.15^bcd	0.189 6	-0.131 6
877	7.15±2.18^abcd	0.304 4	-0.152 5	651	11.66±4.10^bcde	0.351 7	-0.152 1	818	14.06±3.70^abcd	0.263 2	-0.116 6	620	16.40±3.93^bcd	0.239 6	-0.210 2
729	7.14±2.07^abcd	0.290 6	-0.153 4	767	11.58±2.54^bcde	0.219 0	-0.181 1	909	14.05±3.50^abcd	0.248 9	-0.118 8	651	16.21±4.02^bcd	0.248 3	-0.275 2
739	7.12±2.20^abcd	0.309 1	-0.161 4	620	11.57±3.59^bcde	0.310 5	-0.183 7	717	13.97±2.76^abcd	0.197 3	-0.139 1	CK	15.97±4.85^cd	0.303 7	-0.358 5
651	7.06±2.57^bcd	0.363 4	-0.179 4	715	11.52±3.75^cde	0.325 2	-0.199 4	767	13.79±2.95^abcd	0.213 7	-0.180 6	909	15.91±4.66^cd	0.293 1	-0.379 0
918	6.99±2.21^bcd	0.316 8	-0.200 2	CK	11.39±3.33^cde	0.292 3	-0.239 8	986	13.68±4.58^abcd	0.334 9	-0.207 4	757	15.68±4.55^cd	0.290 1	-0.458 8
767	6.95±2.03^bcd	0.291 9	-0.214 1	757	11.36±3.68^cde	0.324 3	-0.250 8	757	13.51±4.41^bcd	0.326 7	-0.247 1	877	15.65±3.85^cd	0.246 2	-0.468 8
788	6.94±2.23^bcd	0.321 9	-0.218 4	863	11.32±3.04^cde	0.268 2	-0.263 0	CK	13.50±3.61^bcd	0.267 4	-0.248 9	767	15.52±3.21^cd	0.206 7	-0.512 8
818	6.90±1.66^bcd	0.240 7	-0.231 1	818	11.31±2.91^cde	0.257 0	-0.265 4	863	13.48±3.91^bcd	0.289 9	-0.255 1	963	15.41±3.66^cd	0.237 6	-0.553 7
914	6.80±2.30^bcd	0.338 7	-0.262 4	760	11.02±3.47^cde	0.315 1	-0.360 0	963	13.18±3.15^cd	0.239 1	-0.327 2	863	15.24±4.43^cd	0.290 9	-0.612 6
760	6.74±2.27^cd	0.336 8	-0.279 8	963	10.58±3.11^de	0.294 4	-0.501 7	924	12.59±3.47^d	0.275 7	-0.466 5	924	15.13±3.82^cd	0.252 8	-0.648 2
963	6.48±2.22^d	0.343 1	-0.365 2	924	10.47±3.13^e	0.299 3	-0.536 0	760	12.49±3.86^d	0.309 2	-0.491 0	760	14.59±4.18^d	0.286 8	-0.837 9

Table 3

Table 4

Comprehensive ranking of breeding values for DBH across different stand ages in half-sib families of Korean pine

家系 Family	最优向量距离 $D i +$	最劣向量距离 $D i -$	接近度 C_i	排序 Rank	家系 Family	最优向量距离 $D i +$	最劣向量距离 $D i -$	接近度 C_i	排序 Rank
766	0.110 3	1.385 9	0.926 3	1	713	0.875 5	0.585 8	0.400 9	18
774	0.136 6	1.359 4	0.908 7	2	717	0.880 5	0.580 7	0.397 4	19
851	0.356 2	1.169 3	0.766 5	3	715	0.899 9	0.567 8	0.386 9	20
899	0.404 5	1.051 5	0.722 2	4	918	0.943 9	0.543 4	0.365 4	21
853	0.417 4	1.049 0	0.715 4	5	620	0.937 1	0.536 2	0.364 0	22
749	0.521 1	0.997 1	0.656 8	6	739	0.981 3	0.480 4	0.328 7	23
727	0.551 1	0.930 2	0.627 9	7	909	1.021 2	0.444 7	0.303 3	24
908	0.612 3	0.886 9	0.591 6	8	651	1.024 0	0.439 2	0.300 2	25
762	0.660 3	0.804 9	0.549 3	9	877	1.048 9	0.424 8	0.288 2	26
712	0.693 9	0.816 4	0.540 6	10	818	1.055 5	0.422 4	0.285 8	27
944	0.707 1	0.758 2	0.517 4	11	CK	1.079 9	0.381 0	0.260 8	28
916	0.745 7	0.760 1	0.504 8	12	767	1.124 9	0.343 4	0.233 9	29
771	0.806 2	0.661 8	0.450 8	13	757	1.121 3	0.336 9	0.231 0	30
729	0.835 2	0.643 5	0.435 2	14	863	1.168 1	0.301 3	0.205 1	31
788	0.858 7	0.659 8	0.434 5	15	924	1.330 7	0.192 7	0.126 5	32
986	0.852 9	0.651 7	0.433 1	16	963	1.330 4	0.159 6	0.107 1	33
914	0.905 3	0.609 8	0.402 5	17	760	1.373 9	0.121 9	0.081 5	34

Table 4

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林龄 Stand age/a	变异来源 Source of variation	平方和 SS	自由度 d_f	均方 MS	F	P
18	家系Family	138.913	33	4.209	1.468	0.054
	区组Block	76.170	8	9.521	3.320	0.001
	误差Error	757.048	264	2.868
	总计Total	972.131	305
23	家系Family	262.894	33	7.966	1.475	0.052
	区组Block	25.344	8	3.168	0.587	0.789
	误差Error	1 425.531	264	5.400
	总计Total	1 713.769	305
27	家系Family	334.746	33	10.144	1.312	0.126
	区组Block	40.271	8	5.034	0.651	0.734
	误差Error	2 040.439	264	7.729
	总计Total	2 415.457	305
32	家系Family	490.650	33	14.868	1.529	0.037
	区组Block	583.690	8	72.961	7.504	<0.010
	误差Error	2 566.903	264	9.723
	总计Total	3 641.243	305