A discussion on the Improvement of Chinese Vegetation Classification System and Nomenclature

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2021.05.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Reviewed the classification progress of vegetation in the world and in China， a new classification system and nomenclature of Chinese vegetation was presented based on appearance， structure， dynamics， species composition， formation causes and habitat of the community. The principal hierarchy of classification ranks including Vegetation type， Alliance and Associaton were steady， but the word “Alliance” was suggested to replace the word "Formation". Classes of vegetation types， Subclasses of vegetation types， and Group of vegetation types were introduced as supplementary ranks above the vegetation type. It was not recommended to set too many auxiliary ranks below the vegetation type. The high classification units of the natural vegetation classification system were concluded into 3 vegetation classes， 7 vegetation subclasses， 12 vegetation type groups， and 76 vegetation types respectively. The vegetation types were assigned classification codes. The main differences between the new classification system and the Chinese vegetation classification system in 1980 was that the tundra， desert， and swamp were considered as a vegetation habitat instead of being described as a type of vegetation respectively. In order to distinguish between the same concepts in Geomorphology and Physical geography， vegetation subclasses and vegetation types of Fasciculate-leaved forest were added to the new system， and bamboos were individually classified into forest vegetation and shrub vegetation. The herbaceous vegetation was divided into steppe， meadow and grassland respectively， according to the ecological type of the herbs， formation causes of vegetation and community dynamics. As one of the important works of vegetation classification， the methods of vegetation nomenclature were also provided.

Key words: China, vegetation, classification, nomenclature

CLC Number:

Q948.1

Xue-Dong LANG, Wan-De LIU, Jiao LIU, Jian-Rong SU. A discussion on the Improvement of Chinese Vegetation Classification System and Nomenclature[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2021, 41(5): 641-659.

Figures/Tables 4

Table 1

Table 2

Fig 1

Table 3

A newly revised high rank units of the vegetation classification in China

植被纲 Class of vegetation	植被亚纲 Subclass of vegetation types	植被型组 Group of vegetation types	植被型 Vegetation types	建群种或共建种举例 Constructive species （Common constructive species） examples	植被型编码— 顶级植被类型 Vegetation type codes- Climax types
森林植被 Forest vegetation	针叶林 Needle-leaved forest	常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle-leaved forest	寒温带常绿针叶林 Cold-temperate evergreen needle-leaved forest	樟子松、西北利亚红松 Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica，P. sylvestris	1ENF-Hv
			温带常绿针叶林 Temperate evergreen needle-leaved forest	红松、赤松、长白松 Pinus koraiensis，P. densiflora，P. sylvestris var. sylvestriformis	2ENF-Dv
			亚热带常绿针叶林 Subtropical evergreen needle-leaved forest	思茅松、云南松、马尾松、杉木 Pinus kesiya，P. yunnanensis，P. massoniana，Cunninghamia lanceolata	3ENF-Dv
			寒温带山地常绿针叶林 Cold-temperate montananous evergreen needle-leaved forest	川西云杉、长苞冷杉、黄果冷杉、巴山冷杉 Picea likiangensis var. balfouriana，Abies georgei，A.ernestii，A. argesii	4ENF-Vv
			亚热带山地常绿针叶林 Subtropical montananous evergreen needle-leaved forest	云南铁杉、滇藏方枝柏、台湾松、巴山松 Tsuga dumosa，Sabina wallichiana，Pinus taiwanensis，P. henryi	5ENF-Vv
			热带山地常绿针叶林 Tropical montananous evergreen needle-leaved forest	海南松Pinus latteri	6ENF-Dv
		落叶针叶林 Deciduous needle-leaved forest	寒温带落叶针叶林 Cold-temperate deciduous needle-leaved forest	兴安落叶松、西北利亚落叶松、长白落叶松 Larix gmelini，L. sibirica，L. olgensis	7DNF-Hv
			寒温带山地落叶针叶林 Cold-temperate montananous deciduous needle-leaved forest	大果红杉、四川红杉、太白红杉、西藏落叶松、怒江红杉 Larix potaninii，L. mastersiana，L. chinensis，L. griffithiana，L. speciosa	8DNF-Vv
			沼泽落叶针叶林 Swamp deciduous needle-leaved forest	水松、落羽杉 Glyptostrobus pensilis，Taxodium distichum	9DNF-Nv
	针阔混交林 Mixed needle-broad leaved forest	常绿针叶落叶阔叶混交林 Mixed evergreen needle-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved forest	中温带常绿针叶落叶阔叶混交林 Middle-temperate mixed evergreen needle-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved forest	红松、紫椴、风桦、春榆、水曲柳、核桃楸、黄檗 Pinus koraiensis，Tilia amurensis，Betula costata，Ulmus davidiana var. japonica，Fraxinus mandschurica，Juglans mandshurica，Phellodendron amurense	10ENBF-Hv
			亚热带山地针阔叶混交林 Subtropical montananous mixed needle-broad leaved forest	铁杉、台湾铁杉、糙皮桦、白穗石栎、槭 Tsuga chinensis，T. formosana，Betula utilis，Lithocarpus leucostachyus，Acer spp.	11ENBF-Vv
			次生针阔叶混交林 Secondary mixed needle-broad leaved forest	华山松、滇石栎、栓皮栎 Pinus armandii，Lithocarpus dealbatus，Quercus variabilis	12ENBF-Dv
	阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest	落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broad-leaved forest	南温带落叶阔叶林 South temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest	白桦、黄檗、胡桃楸、水曲柳、蒙古栎 Betula platyphylla，Phellodendron amurense，Juglans mandshurica， Fraxinus mandschurica，Quercus mongolica	13DBF-Hv
			热带落叶阔叶林（热带落叶季雨林） Tropical deciduous broad-leaved forest（Tropica deciduous moonsoon forest）	木棉、千果榄仁、楹树、马蹄果、劲直刺桐 Bombax malabaricum，Terminalia myriocarpa，Albizia cbinensis， Protium serratum，Erythrina strica	14DBF-Hv
			亚热带山地落叶阔叶林 Subtropical montananous deciduous broad-leaved forest	岳桦、枫香树、山杨、西南桦 Betula ermanii，Liquidambar formosana，Populus davidiana，Betula alnoides	15DBF-Vv
			温带河岸落叶阔叶林 Temperate riparian deciduous broad-leaved forest	胡杨、青杨、钻天柳、尖果沙枣 Populus euphratica，Populus cathayana，Chosenia arbutifolia，Elaeagnus oxycarpa	16DBF-Nv
			亚热带热带河岸落叶阔叶林 Subtropical-tropical riparian deciduous broad-leaved forest	枫杨、越南枫杨 P. stenoptera，tonkinensis，Ptercarya tonkinensis	17DBF-Nv
			次生落叶阔叶林 Secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest	麻栎、西南桦、旱冬瓜 Quercus acutissima，Betula alnoides，Alnus nepalensis	18DBF-Dv
		常绿落叶阔叶混交林 Mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest	北亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林 Northern subtropicl mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest	栓皮栎、麻栎、槲树、苦槠、青冈、冬青、石楠、紫楠 Quercus variabilis，Q. acutissima，Q. dentata，Castanopsis sclerophylla，Cyclobalanopsis glauca，Ilex chinensis，Photinia serrulata，Phoebe sheareri	19EBDBF-Hv
			热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林 Tropical mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest	高山榕、麻楝、铁力木、铁刀木 Ficus altissima，Chukrasia tabularis，Mesua ferrea，Cassia siamea	20EBDBF-Hv
			中亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林 Central subtropical montananous mixed evergreen deciduous broad-leaved forest	青冈属、石栎属、栲属、山茶属、枫香树、槭属 Cyclobalanopsis spp.，Lithocarpus spp.，Castanopsis spp.，Camellia spp.， Liquidambar formosana，Acer spp.	21EBDBF-Vv
			石灰岩常绿落叶阔叶混交林 Limestone mixed evergreen deciduous broad-leaved forest	朴属、榆属、化香树属、青冈属、女贞属、花椒属 Celtis spp.，Ulmus spp.，Platycarya spp.，Cyclobalanopsis spp.，Ligustrum spp.， Zanthoxylum spp.	22EBDBF-Nv
			河谷常绿落叶阔叶混交林 Ravine mixed evergreen deciduous broad-leaved forest	多花白头树、滇菜豆树、水团花、厚皮树、灰毛浆果楝 Garuga floribunda，Radermachera yunnanensis，Adina pilulifera， Lannea coromandelica，Cipadessa cinerascens	23EBDBF-Nv
		常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest	中亚热带常绿阔叶林（典型常绿阔叶林） Central subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest	青冈、峨眉栲、石栎、滇石栎、木荷、红楠 Cyclobalanopsis glauca，C. platyacantha，Lithocarpus glaber，L. dealbatus， Schima superba，Machilus thunbergii	24EBF-Hv
			南亚热带常绿阔叶林（季风常绿阔叶林） South subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest	刺栲、短刺栲、华南石栎、红木荷 Castanopsis hystrix，C. echidnocarpa，Lithocarpus fenestratus，Schima wallichii	25EBF-Hv
			热带常绿阔叶林（热带雨林） Tropical evergreen broad-leaved forest（Tropical rain forest）	东京龙脑香、见血封喉、千果榄仁、绒毛番龙眼、龙果 Dipterocarpus retusus，Antiaris toxicaria，Terminalia myriocarpa，Pometia tomentosa，Pouteria grandifolia	26EBF-Hv
			寒温带山地硬叶常绿阔叶林 Cold-temperate montananous sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest	黄背栎、川滇高山栎 Quercus pannosa，Q. aquifolioides	27EBF-Vv
			亚热带热带中山苔藓常绿阔叶林 Subtropical-tropical middle montananous mossy evergreen broad-leaved forest	壶斗石栎、多变石栎、红花木莲、润楠属、山茶属、杜鹃属、越橘属 Lithocarpus echinophorus，L. variolosus，Manglietia insignis，Machilus spp.， Camellia spp.，Rhododendron spp.，Vaccinium spp.	28EBF-Vv
			热带低山常绿阔叶林 Tropical lower montananous evergreen broad-leaved forest	刺栲、短刺栲、杯状栲、木姜子属、木荷属 Castanopsis hystrix，C. echidnocarpa，C. scalathiformis，Litsea spp.，Schima spp.	29EBF-Vv
			雅鲁藏布江河谷热带常绿阔叶林（雨林） Yarlungzangbo-river lower-valley tropical evergreen broad-leaved forest（Tropical rain forest）	羯布罗香、阿萨姆娑罗双、千果榄仁、麻楝、蕈树 Dipteroearpus turbinatus，Shorea assamica，Terminalia myriocarpa， Chukrasia tabularis，Altingia chinensis	30EBF-Nv
			干热河谷硬叶常绿阔叶林 Xerothermic valley sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest	铁橡栎、锥连栎、光叶高山栎 Quercus cocciferoides，Q. sfranchetii，Q. pseudosemecarpifolia	31EBF-Nv
			热带亚热带沼泽海岸林（红树林） Tropical-subtropical swamp coastal forest （Mangrove）	红树、榄仁树、银叶树、玉蕊、 Rhizophora apiculata，Terminalia catappa，Heritiera littoralis，Barringtonia racemosa	32EBF-Nv
			亚热带竹林 Subtropical bamboo forest	毛竹、慈竹 Phyllostachys edulis，Bambusa emeiensis	33EBF-Dv
			热带竹林 Tropical bamboo forest	黄竹、牡竹、大薄竹 Dendrocalamusmembranaceus，D. strictus，Bambusa pallida	34EBF-Dv
	簇生叶林 Fasciculate-leaved forest		热带石灰岩棕榈林 Tropical limestone palm forest	董棕、美丽蒲葵 Caryota urens，Livistona speciosa	35FF-Nv
灌丛植被 Shrubland vegetation	针叶灌丛 Needle-leaved shrubland	常绿针叶灌丛 Evergreen needle-leaved shrubland	温带荒漠常绿针叶灌丛 Temperate desert evergreen needle-leaved shrubland	臭柏Sabina vulgaris	36ENS-Hv
			寒温带山地常绿针叶灌丛 Cold-temperate montananous evergreen needle-leaved shrubland	垂枝香柏 Sabina pingii、高山柏 S. squamata、天山方枝柏S. turkestanica	37ENS-Vv
	阔叶灌丛 Broad-leaved shrubland	常绿阔叶灌丛 Evergreen broad-leaved shrubland	温带荒漠常绿阔叶灌丛 Temperate desert evergreen broad-leaved shrubland	梭梭、白梭梭、膜果麻黄、细枝盐爪爪、红砂、盐节木 Haloxylon ammodendron，H. persicum，Ephedra przewalskii，Kalidium gracile， Reaumuria songarica，Halocnemum strobilaceum	38EBS-Hv
			亚热带竹类常绿阔叶灌丛 Subtropical bamboo evergreen broad-leaved shrubland	巴山木竹、筇竹、金佛山方竹、苦竹 Bashania fargesii，Qiongzhuea tumidissinoda，Chimonobambusa utilis，Arundinaria amara	39EBS-Dv
			寒温带高山冻原常绿阔叶灌丛 Cold-temperate alpine tundra evergreen broad-leaved shrubland	多瓣木、笃斯越橘、云间杜鹃、松毛翠、地衣、藓类 Dryas octopetala，Vaccinium uliginosum，Rhododendron redowskianum， Phyllodoce caerulea，lichens，Musci	40EBS-Vv
			寒温带高山荒漠常绿阔叶灌丛 Cold-temperate alpine desert evergreen broad-leaved shrubland	驼绒藜、西藏亚菊、粉花蒿 Ceratoides latens，Ajania tibetica，Artemisia rhodantha	41EBS-Vv
			寒温带山地常绿阔叶灌丛 Cold-temperate montananous evergreen broad-leaved shrubland	雪层杜鹃、密枝杜鹃、扫帚岩须、矮高山栎 Rhododendron nivale，Rh. fastigiatum，Cassiope fastigiata，Quercus monimotricha	42EBS-Vv
			寒温带山地竹类常绿阔叶灌丛 Cold-temperate montananous bamboo evergreen broad-leaved shrubland	箭竹、玉山竹属、冷箭竹 Fargesia spathacea，Yushania spp.，Bashania fangiana	43EBS-Vv
			中亚热带石灰岩灌丛 Central subtropical limestone shrubland	竹叶椒、铁仔、蔷薇属 Zanthoxylum armatum，Myrsine africana，Rosa spp.	44EBS-Nv
			干热河谷常绿阔叶灌丛 Xerothermic valley evergreen broad-leaved shrubland	车桑子、清香木、白刺花 Sophora davidii Dodonaea viscosa，Pistacia weinmannifolia，Sophora davidii	45EBS-Nv
			热带性河滩常绿阔叶灌丛 Tropical floodplain evergreen broad-leaved shrubland	水杨柳Homonoia riparia	46EBS-Nv
			热带滨海岛礁常绿阔叶灌丛 Tropical seashore island evergreen broad-leaved shrubland	草海桐、水芫花、刺裸实、龙爪茅 Scaevola sericea，Pemphis acidula，Maytenus diversifolia，Dactyloctenium aegyptium	47EBS-Nv
			沼泽灌丛Swamp shrubland	杜香、岗松、柴桦 Ledum palustre，Baeckea frutescens，Betula fruticosa	48EBS-Nv
			次生常绿阔叶灌丛 Secondary evergreen broad-leaved shrubland	青冈属、栲属、石栎属、山茶属 Cyclobalanopsis spp.，Castanopsis spp.，Lithocarpus spp.，Camellia spp.	49EBS-Dv
		落叶阔叶灌丛 Deciduous broad-leaved shrubland	温带次生落叶阔叶灌丛 Temperate secondary deciduous broad-leaved shrubland	锦鸡儿属、虎榛子 Caragana spp.，Ostryopsis davidiana	50DBS-Dv
			亚热带次生落叶阔叶灌丛 Subtropical secondary deciduous broad-leaved shrubland	枹栎、茅栗 Quereus serrata，Castanea seguinii	51DBS-Dv
			寒温带山地落叶阔叶灌丛 Cold-temperate montananous deciduous broad-leaved shrubland	圆叶桦、杯腺柳、锦鸡儿、金露梅、银露梅、沙棘、三春水柏枝 Betula rotundifolia，Salix cupularis，Caragana sinica，Potentilla fruticosa，P. glabra， Hippophae rhamnoides，Myricaria paniculata	52DBS-Vv
			干热河谷落叶阔叶灌丛 Xerothermic valley deciduous broad-leaved shrubland	疏序黄荆、矮黄栌 Vitex negundo f. laxipaniculata，Cotinus nana	53DBS-Nv
	肉质多刺灌丛 Thorn-succulent shrubland		干热河谷肉质刺灌丛 Xerothermic valley thorn-succulent shrubland	仙人掌、霸王鞭 Opuntia stricta var. dillenii，Euphorbia royleana	54TSS-Nv
			热带滨海肉质刺灌丛 Tropical seashore thorn-succulent shrubland	沙生滨藜、番杏、海马齿、南方碱蓬 Atriplex patens，Tetragonia tetragonioides，Sesuvium portulacastrum，Suaeda australis	55TSS-Nv
草本植被 Herbaceous vegetation		草原 Steppe	温带草原Temperate steppe	大针茅、长芒草、羊茅、冰草、固沙草 Stipa grandis，Stipa bungeana，Festuca ovina，Agropyron cristatum，Orinus thoroldii	56SH-Hv
			温带荒漠草原Temperate desert steppe	戈壁针茅、沙生针茅、高加索针茅、多根葱 Stipa tianschanica var. gobica，Stipa glareosa，Stipagobica caucasica，Allium polyrhizum	57SH-Hv
			寒温带山地高寒草原Cold-temperate montananous steppe	紫花针茅、假羊茅、垫型蒿 Stipa purpurea，Festuca pseudovina，Artemisia minor	58SH-Vv
		草甸 Meadow	温带草甸 Temperate meadow	地榆、裂叶蒿、高山糙苏、紫苞鸢尾 Sanguisorba officinalis，Artemisia tanacetifolia，Phlomis alpina，Iris ruthenica	59MH-Hv
			温带沼泽草甸 Temperate Swamp meadow	瘤囊薹草、丛薹草 Carex schmidtii，C. caespitosa	60MH-Nv
			寒温带高山冻原草甸 Cold-temperate alpine tundra meadow	山罂粟、红景天、轮叶马先蒿、山蓼、地衣、藓类 Papaver nudicaule，Rhodiola rosea，Pedicularis verticillata，Oxyria digyna，lichens，Musci	61MH-Vv
			寒温带山地流石滩荒漠草甸 Cold-temperate montananous scree desert meadow	塔黄、长鞭红景天、苞叶雪莲、绿叶垂头菊 Rheum nobile，Rhodiola fastigiata，Saussurea obvallata，Cremanthodium angustifolium	62MH-Vv
			寒温带山地高寒草甸 Cold-temperate montananous meadow	玉龙嵩草、嵩草、委陵菜 Kobresia tunicata，Kobresia myosuroides，Potentilla chinensis	63MH-Vv
			寒温带山地沼泽草甸 Cold-temperate montananous Swamp meadow	华扁穗草、矮地榆 Blysmus sinocompressus，Sanguisorba filiformis	64MH-Nv
		草丛 Scondary grassland	温带稀树灌木草丛 Temperate sparse tree-shrub grassland	白健秆、刺芒野古草、密毛蕨 Eulalia pallens，Arundinella setosa，Pteridium revolutum	65GH-Dv
			亚热带稀树灌木草丛 Subtropical sparse tree-shrub grassland	毛果珍珠茅、棕叶芦 Scleria herbecarpa，Thysanolaena maxima	66GH-Dv
			热带稀树灌木草丛 Tropical sparse tree-shrub grassland	棕叶芦、菅、飞机草 Thysanolaena maxima，Themeda villosa，Eupatorium odoratum	67GH-Dv
			寒温带山地稀树灌木草丛 Cold-temperate montananous sparse tree-shrub grassland	羊茅、西南鸢尾、大狼毒 Festuca ovina，Iris bulleyana，Euphorbia jolkinii	68GH-Dv
			干热河谷稀树灌木草丛 Xerothermic valley sparse tree-shrub grassland	黄茅 Heteropogon contortus	69GH-Nv
			海滨沙生草丛 Sea broad psammoherbosa （Littoral sand herbosa）	滨旋花、北沙参、砂滨草 Calystegia soldanella，CoasiaI gIehnia，Leymus arenarius	70GH-Nv
			沼泽草丛（含苔藓） Swamp grassland （Moss）	华扁穗草、薹草、灯心草、水葱、泥炭藓 Blysmus sinocompressus，Carex spp.，Juncus effusus，Scirpus validus，Sphagnum spp.	71GH-Dv
			淡水沉水草本植物群落 Fresh water submerged plant community	金鱼藻、石龙尾、黑藻、菹草 Ceratophyllum demersum，Limnophila sessiliflora，Hydrilla verticillata， Potamogeton crispus	71FSH-Nv
			淡水漂浮草本植物群落 Fresh water free-floating plant community	水葫芦、浮萍、满江红、槐叶蘋 Eichhornia crassipes，Lemna minor，Azolla pinnata subsp. asiatica，Salvinia natans	73FFH-Nv
			淡水浮叶草本植物群落 Fresh water rooted floating-leaved plant community	菱、白睡莲、荇菜 Trapa bispinosa，Nymphaea alba，Nymphoides peltatum	74FRH-Nv
			淡水挺水草本植物群落 Fresh water emergent plant community	芦苇、香蒲、慈姑、雨久花 Phragmites australis，Typha orientalis，Sagittaria trifolia，Monochoria korsakowii	75FEH-Nv
			咸水沉水藻类植物群落 Salt water submerged algea plant community	海带、石花菜、裙带菜、礁膜 Laminaria japonica，Gelidium amansii，Undaria pinnatifida，Monostroma nilidum	76SSH-Nv

Table 3

References 68

1	宋永昌.对中国植被分类系统的认知和建议［J］.植物生态学报，2011，35（8）：882-892.
	Song Y C.Recognition and proposal on the vegetation classification system of China［J］.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology，2011，35（8）：882-892.
2	宋永昌，阎恩荣，宋坤.再议中国的植被分类系统［J］.植物生态学报，2017，41（2）：269-278.
	Song Y C，Yan E R，Song K.An update of the vegetation classification in China［J］.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology，2017，41（2）：269-278.
3	金振洲.植物社会学理论与方法［M］.北京：科学出版社，2009.
	Jin Z Z.Theories and methods of phytosociology［M］.Beijing：Science Press，2009.
4	Weber H E，Moravec J，Theurillat J P.International code of phytosociological nomenclature.3rd edition［J］.Journal of Vegetation Science，2000，11（5）：739-768.
5	Lang G.Die vegetation des westlichen bodenseegebietes［M］.//Pflanzensoziologie Eine Reihe Vegetation skundlicher Gebietsmonographien Band 17.Jena：Fischer，1973.
6	Horvat I，Glavac V，Ellenberg H.Vegetation südosteuropas［M］.Stuttgart：Gustav Fischer Verlag，1974.
7	Mucina L.Classification of vegetation：past，present and future［J］.Journal of Vegetation Science，1997，8（6）：751-760.
8	Pott R.Die Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands.UTBGroβe Reihe（Second edition）［M］.Stuttgart：Ulmer Verlag，1995.
9	Miyawaki A.Vegetation of Japan［M］.Vol.1-10.Tokyo：Zhi Wen Tang，1980-1989.
10	United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization（UNESCO）.International Classification and Mapping of Vegetation.Series 6［M］.France：Ecology and Conservation.United Nations，Paris，1973.
11	Rodwell J S，Pigott C D，Ratcliffe D A，et al.British Plant Communities（Vol.I）［M］.Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，New York：Port Chester，and Sydney：Melbourne，1991.
12	Rodwell J S.British Plant Communities［M］.Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，UK.2000.
13	Federal Geographic Data Committee，Subcommittee（FGDC-VS） Vegetation.National Vegetation Classification Standard［M］，Version2.FGDC-STD-005-2008（Version 2）.2008.
14	宋永昌.中国常绿阔叶林分类试行方案［J］.植物生态学报，2004，28（4）：435-448.
	Song Y C.Tentative classification scheme of evergreen broad-leaved forests of China［J］.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica，2004，28（4）：435-448.
15	金振洲.云南植被生态学与植物地理学研究［M］.昆明：云南大学出版社，2005.
	Jin Z Z.Vegetation ecology and plant geobotany in Yunnan［M］.Kunming：Yunnan University Press，2005.
16	王国宏.中国云杉林［M］.北京：科学出版社，2017.
	Wang G H.Spruce forest of China［M］.Beijing：Science Press，2017.
17	方精云，郭柯，王国宏，等.《中国植被志》的植被分类系统、植被类型划分及编排体系［J］.植物生态学报，2020，44（2）：96-110.
	Fang J Y，Guo K，Wang G H，et al.Vegetation classification system and classification of vegetation types used for the compilation of vegetation of China［J］.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology，2020，44（2）：96-110
18	中国植被编辑委员会.中国植被［M］.北京：科学出版社，1980.
	The Editorial Committee of Vegetation of China.Vegetation of China［M］.Beijing：Science Press，1980.
19	广东省植物研究所.广东植被［M］.北京：科学出版社，1976.
	Botanical Institute of Guangdong.Vegetation of Guangdong［M］.Beijing：Science Press，1976.
20	中国科学院新疆综合考察队，中国科学院植物研究所.新疆植被及其利用［M］.北京：科学出版社，1978.
	Xinjiang Comprehensive Investigation Team and Botanical Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Xinjiang vegetation and its utilization［M］.Beijing：Science Press，1978.
21	四川植被协作组.四川植被［M］.成都：四川人民出版社，1980.
	Sichuan Vegetation Cooperation Group.Vegetation of Sichuan［M］.Chengdu：Sichuan People’s Publishing House，1980.
22	安徽植被协作组.安徽植被［M］.合肥：安徽科学技术出版社，1983.
	Anhui Vegetation Cooperation Group.Vegetation of Anhui［M］.Hefei：Anhui Science and Technology Press，1983.
23	中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队.内蒙古植被［M］.北京：科学出版社，1985.
	Inner Mongolia-Ningxia Complex Expert Team of the Chineseacademy of Sciences.Vegetation of inner mongolia［M］.Beijing：Science Press，1985.
24	周兴民，王质斌，杜庆.青海植被［M］.西宁：青海人民出版社，1986.
	Zhou X M，Wang Z B，Du Q.Vegetation of Qinghai［M］.Xining：Qinghai People's Publishing House，1986.
25	云南植被编写组.云南植被［M］.北京：科学出版社，1987.
	Yunnan Vegetation Editing Group.Vegetation of Yunnan［M］.Beijing：Science Press，1987.
26	黄威廉，屠玉麟，杨龙.贵州植被［M］.贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1988.
	Huang W L，Tu Y L，Yang L.Vegetation of Guizhou［M］.Guiyang：Guizhou People's Publishing House，1988.
27	中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队.西藏植被［M］.北京：科学出版社，1988.
	Qinghai-Tibet Plateau comprehensive scientific research team of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Vegetation of Tibet［M］.Beijing：Science Press，1988.
28	祁承经.湖南植被［M］.长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1990.
	Qi C J.Vegetation of Hunan［M］.Changsha：Hunan Science and Technology Press，1990.
29	林鹏.福建植被［M］.福州：福建科学技术出版社，1990.
	Lin P.Vegetation of Fujian［M］.Fuzhou：Fujian Science and Technology Press，1990.
30	黄威廉.台湾植被［M］.北京：中国环境科学出版社，1993.
	Huang W L.Vegetation of Taiwan［M］.Beijing：China Environmental Science Press，1993.
31	河北植被编辑委员和河北省农业区划委员会办公室.河北植被［M］.北京：科学出版社，1996.
	The Editorial Committee of Vegetation and Agricultural Division Committee of Hebei.Vegetation of Hebei［M］.Beijing：Science Press，1996.
32	雷明德.陕西植被［M］.北京：科学出版社，1999.
	Lei M D.Vegetation of Shaanxi［M］.Beijing：Science Press，1999.
33	王仁卿，周光裕.山东植被［M］.济南：山东科学技术出版社，2000.
	Wang R Q，Zhou G Y.Vegetation of Shandong［M］.Jinan：Shandong Science and Technology Press，2000.
34	马子清.山西植被［M］.北京：中国科学技术出版社，2001.
	Ma Z Q.Vegetation of Shanxi［M］.Beijing：China Science and Technology Press，2001.
35	李建东，吴榜华，盛连喜.吉林植被［M］.长春：吉林科学技术出版社，2001.
	Li J D，Wu B H，Sheng L X.Vegetation of Jilin［M］.Changchun：Jilin Science and Technology Press，2001.
36	董厚德.辽宁植被与植被区划［M］.沈阳：辽宁大学出版社，2011.
	Dong H D.Vegetation of Liaoning［M］.Shenyang：Liaoning University Press，2011.
37	王献溥，郭柯，温远光.广西植被志要（上、下）［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，2014.
	Wang X P，Guo K，Wen Y Q.Guangxi Vegetation（2 volumes）［M］.Beijing：Higher Education Press，2014.
38	杨小波，陈宗铸，李东海，第.海南植被志（第1卷）［M］.北京：科学出版社，2019.
	Yang X B，Chen Z Z，Li D H，et al.Vegetation of Hainan（Volume 1）［M］.Beijing：Science Press，2019.
39	方精云，王国宏.《中国植被志》：为中国植被登记造册［J］.植物生态学报，2020，44（2）：93-95.
	Fang J Y，Wang G H.Vegegraphy of China：surveying and describing the country’s vegetation［J］.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology，2020，44（2）：93-95.
40	郭柯，方精云，王国宏，等.中国植被分类系统修订方案［J］.植物生态学报，2020，44（2）：111-127.
	Guo K，Fang J Y，Wang G H，et al.A revised scheme of vegetation classification system of China［J］.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology，2020，44（2）：111-127.
41	王国宏，方精云，郭柯，等.《中国植被志》研编内容与规范［J］.植物生态学报，2020，44（2）：128-178.
	Wang G H，Fang J Y，Guo K，et al.Contents and protocols for the classification and description of Vegetation Formations，Alliances and Associations of vegetation of China［J］.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology，2020，44（2）：128-178.
42	王炜，裴浩，王鑫厅.优势种植被分类系统的逻辑分析与示例方案化［J］.生物多样性，2016，24（2）：136-147.
	Wang W，Pei H，Wang X T.A logistic analysis on vegetation classification system based on dominant species with an illustrational scheme［J］.Biodiversity Science，2016，24（2）：136-147.
43	朱华，王洪，李保贵，等.西双版纳森林植被研究［J］.植物科学学报，2015，33（5）：641-726.
	Zhu H，Wang H，Li B G，et al.Studies on the forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna［J］.Plant Science Journal，2015，33（5）：641-726.
44	Clements F E.Plant succession：an analysis of the development of Vegetation［M］.Washington：Carnegie Institution of Washington，1916.
45	Clements F E.Nature and structure of the climax［J］.Journal of Ecology，1936，24（1）：252-284.
46	Tansley A G.Some reminiscences［J］.Vegetatio，1954，5-6：7-8.
47	Whittaker R H.A consideration of climax theory：the climax as a population and pattern［J］.Ecological Monographs，1953，23（1）：41-78.
48	Song Y C，XU G S.A scheme of vegetation classification of Taiwan，China［J］.Acta Botanica Sinica，2003，45（8）：883-895.
49	宋永昌.植被生态学：2版［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，2016.
	Song Y C.Vegetation ecology［M］.2^nd ed.Beijing：Higher Education Press，2016.
50	中国科学院《中国自然地理》编辑委员会.中国自然地理总论［M］.北京：科学出版社，1985.
	Physical Geography in China Editorial Board of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Physical geography in China［M］.Beijing：Science Press，1985.
51	赵济，陈传康.中国地理［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，1999.
	ZHAO J，CHEN C K.China geography［M］.Beijing：Higher Education Press，1999.
52	伍光和，田连恕，胡双熙，等.自然地理学：3版［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，2000.
	Wu G H，Tian L S，Hu S X，et al.Physical geography：3^rd ed［M］.Beijing：Higher Education Press，2000.
53	赵济，陈永文，韩渊丰，等.中国自然地理：3版［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，1995.
	Zhao J，Chen Y W，Han Y F，et al.Chinese Physical Geography：3^rd ed［M］.Beijing：Higher Education Press，1995.
54	米春改，秦小玮.中华人民共和国年鉴：温度带的划分及耕作［M］.北京：新华出版社，2010.
	Mi C G，Qin X W.Temperature Zone and Cultivation，The People’s Republic of China Yearbook［M］.Beijing：Xinhua Publishing House，2010.
55	米春改，秦小玮.中华人民共和国年鉴：气温和温度带［M］.北京：新华出版社，2014.
	Mi C G，Qin X W.Temperature and Temperature Zone，The People’s Republic of China Yearbook［M］.Beijing：Xinhua Publishing House，2014.
56	全国土壤普查办公室.中国土壤［M］.北京：中国农业出版社，1998.
	National Soil Survey Office.Chinese soil［M］.Beijing：China Agriculture Press，1998.
57	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局，中国国家标准化管理委员会.中国土壤分类与代码［S］.北京：中国标准出版社，2009.
	General Administration of Quality Supervision， Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.Classification and codes for Chinese soil［S］.Beijing：Standards Press of China，2009.
58	黄昌勇，徐建明.土壤学：3版［M］.北京：中国农业出版社，2010.
	Huang C Y，Xu J M.Soil Science：3^rd ed［M］.Beijing：China Agriculture Press，2010.
59	中国地图出版社编辑部.中华人民共和国地图集：中国气候区划图［M］.北京：地图出版社，1979.
	China Cartographic Publishing House.Climate Division Map：Atlas of the People’s Republic of China［M］.Beijing：China Cartographic Publishing House，1979.
60	Raunkiaer C.The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography［M］.London：Oxford University Press，1934.
61	曲仲湘，吴玉树，王焕校，等.植物生态学：2版［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，1983.
	Qu Z X，Wu Y S，Wang H X，et al.Plant Ecology：2^nd ed［M］.Beijing：Higher Education Press，1983.
62	Whittaker R H.The population structure of vegetation.In：Tuxen R（Ed.），Gesellschaftsmorphologie［M］.Netherlands：Bericht internationalen symposium rinteln.Junk，The hague，1970.
63	Braun-Blanquet J.Plant sociology：the study of plant communities［M］.London：Hafner Publishing Company，1965.
64	Ellenberg H and Mueller-Dombois D.Tentative physiognormic-ecological classification of plant formations of the earth［M］.Zürich：Berichte des Geobotanischen Instituts der Eidg.Techn.Hochschule Stiftung Rübel，1965-1966，37：21-55.
65	朱林楠，吴紫汪，刘永智.青藏高原东部的冻土退化［J］.冰川冻土，1995，17（2）：120-124.
	Zhu L N，Wu Z W，Liu Y Z.Permafrost degeneration in the east of tibetan plateau［J］.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology，1995，17（2）：120-124.
66	杨景春，李有利.地貌学原理［M］.北京：北京大学出版社，2005.
	Yang J C，Li Y L.Geomorphology Theory［M］.Beijing：Peking University Press，2005.
67	刘鸿雁.植物学［M］.北京：北京大学出版社，2005.
	Liu H Y.Botany［M］.Beijing：Peking University Press，2005.
68	苏培玺，解婷婷，周紫鹃.我国荒漠植被中的C₄植物种类分布及其与气候的关系［J］.中国沙漠，2011，31（2）：267-276.
	Su P X，Xie T T，Zhou Z J.Geographical distribution of C₄ plant species in desert regions of China and its relation with climate factors［J］.Journal of Desert Research，2011，31（2）：267-276.

气候带 Climatic zone	积温 Accumulated temperature （≥10℃）	生长期 Growing period（Mouths）
寒温带 Sub-frigid zone	<1 600	3
中温带 Middle temperate Zone	1 600~3 400	4~7
暖温带 South temperate zone	3 400~4 500	5~8
北亚热带 Northern subtropic zone	4 500~5 000	8~9
中亚热带 Central subtropical zone	5 000~6 500	9~10
南亚热带 South subtropical zone	6 500~8 000	10~12
热带Tropical zone	>8 000	12
青藏高原气候带 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau climatic zone	<2000	0~7

类型 Type	降水量 Precipitation（P）	干燥指数 Aridity index（AI）
湿润区 Humid zone（A）	P≥800 mm	AI≤1.00
半湿润区 Semi-humid zone（B）	400 mm≤P＜800 mm	1.00＜AI≤1.50
半干旱区 Semi-drought zone（C）	200 mm≤P＜400 mm	1.50＜AI≤4.00
干旱区 Drought zone（D）	P＜200 mm	AI＞4.00

[1]	Zhangjie HUANG, Peiliang LIU. Verification of Scientific Name of Stauranthera grandifolia Benth. [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2023, 43(4): 493-497.
[2]	Jikang XU, Yanhong HE, Tingyan LIU, Longfei HAO, Shengxi ZHANG, Zhaoyi LI. Characteristics of Rhizosphere Soil Microecological Environment of Different Ecological Restoration Vegetation in Arsenic Sandstone Areas [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2023, 43(4): 531-539.
[3]	Shuzhen ZOU, Caijia YIN, Qian YANG, Long MA, Di KANG. Competition Pattern of Standing Trees in Secondary Pinus Forest in the Ziwuling Mountains, China [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2023, 43(1): 140-149.
[4]	Xiaojie CAO, Wei CAO, Yue ZHANG, Jia GUO, Yan GAO. Plant Endemism in Northeast China [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2022, 42(5): 753-761.
[5]	Qingqing ZHANG, Zaizhi ZHOU, Guihua HUANG, Weiwei ZHAO, Xiyang WANG, Guang YANG, Gaofeng LIU. Effects of Fertilizing on Trees Growth and Understory Vegetation of Young Teak Plantation [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2022, 42(4): 694-703.
[6]	Xiaoli Peng, Wangze Wu, Juan Shen, Hongbin Cheng, Jiangtao He. Regulation of Soil Salinity by Vegetation Coverage in Urban Greenbelt Saline-alkali Land [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2022, 42(1): 62-70.
[7]	Li-Qiong ZHU, Dong-Mei QIN, Li-Jun ZHAO, Bin-Sheng DENG, Sheng-Yuan LIU, Chang-Jie JIANG. Leaf Epidermal Micromorphological Features and Their Systematic Significance of Six Wild Speciesof Camellia chrysantha [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2021, 41(6): 841-850.
[8]	Jian-Bin TIAN, Li-Qing ZHAO. Distribution of Scariola orientalis(Asteraceae)in China [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2021, 41(5): 660-661.
[9]	Yan-Ci LI, Nai-Feng FU, Jia-Zhi SUN, Yan XIAO, Jian-Guo CAO, Dai-Ke TIAN. Intraspecific Phenotypic Diversity in Begonia grandis [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2021, 41(5): 775-788.
[10]	Wen-Tsai WANG. A New Species and a New Variety of Delphinium(Ranunculaceae) from China [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2021, 41(2): 161-163.
[11]	Ya-Li LI, Li-Chuan QIU, Jian WANG. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of All Genera in Rhamnaceae of China [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2021, 41(2): 191-198.
[12]	YANG Pan-Pan, LIU Yu, BU Zhao-Jun, MA Jin-Ze, WANG Sheng-Zhong, CHEN Xu, YANG Yun-He. Effects of Water Table Level Increase and Sphagnum Propagule Transplantation on Vegetation Restoration [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2019, 39(5): 699-706.
[13]	QIANG Fang-Fang, WEI Tian-Xing, LIU Wei. Relationship between Soil Moisture Dynamics and Vegetation Community in the Loess Area of Western Shanxi Province [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2019, 39(1): 61-68.
[14]	DUAN Yi-Zhong, DU Zhong-Yu, KANG Fu-Ren. Community Characteristics of Endangered Plant of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus to Environmental Factors in Northwest Arid Area of China [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2018, 38(6): 834-842.
[15]	BI Hai-Yan, SHAO Qing, SUN Qian, YANG Zhi-Rong, LIN Yun, YUN Ying-Xia. Lectotypifications of Names in Sympetalae from China-Ⅳ. [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2018, 38(2): 161-167.