Changes and Influencing Factors of Anthocyanins in Hibiscus syriacus During Flowering

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.008

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to explore the law of flower color change of Hibiscussyriacus during the flowering process and the influence of physical and chemical factors such as pH， metal ions and water content on its flower color， the composition and physicochemical factors of anthocyanins in the petals of H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’ and ‘White Chiffon’ at different blossoming periods were studied respectively by the color chromato-meter， ion emission spectrometer and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that：（1）In terms of the composition of anthocyanins， 10 kinds of flavonoids such as Quercetin-3-glucoside， Luteolin-7-O-glucoside， and Santolol-7-O-glucoside were detected and identified in the petals of the two varieties， and 5 kinds of anthocyanins such as Mallorin-3-O-glucoside were detected and identified in the H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’， and no anthocyanins were detected in the H. syriacus ‘White Chiffon’. （2）In the process of blossoming， the brightness of the flower color increased， the color degree decreased， and the color changed from purplish red to lavender， and light yellow to white respectively. During the blossoming， the composition of anthocyanins remained unchanged， and the content of anthocyanins and total anthocyanins gradually decreased in H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’. （3）The pH of petals in H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’ and ‘White Chiffon’ were both acidic， and the activities of Peroxidase（POD） and Polyphenol oxidase（PPO） showed significant difference in different periods. Among them， POD activity in H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’ was higher than that in H. syriacus ‘White Chiffon’， while PPO activity was the opposite； calcium and magnesium ions were the highest content of metal ions in H. syriacus petals， while copper， iron， manganese， zinc and other metal ions had low content in H. syriacus petals. （4）In terms of correlation analysis， during the blossoming of H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’， the color degree C* was significantly positively correlated with hue a*， and significantly positively correlated with calcium ion， iron ion and manganese ion respectively； during the blossoming of H. syriacus ‘White Chiffon’， the color degree C* was significantly positively correlated with hue b* and PPO activity， and negatively correlated with hue a* respectively. The research showed that the anthocyanins were the material basis of flower color change of H. syriacus flower petals. Besides anthocyanin content， the flower color change process was also closely related to the content of calcium， iron， manganese and other metal ions. PPO activity was a potential biochemical factor to promote the degradation of flavonoids in white flower varieties.

Key words: Hibiscus syriacus, flower color, anthocyanins, flavonoids, influence factor

CLC Number:

S685.99

Zhezhe LI, Yidan ZHANG, Bo WANG, Zhenghao WANG, Lu WANG, Beibei CHENG. Changes and Influencing Factors of Anthocyanins in Hibiscus syriacus During Flowering[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2023, 43(4): 550-561.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig.1

Table 1

Fig.2

Table 2

Fig.3

Table 3

Table 4

Contents of flavonoids of petals in H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’ and ‘White Chiffon’

品种 Varieties	成分 Component	黄酮类物质质量分数 Contents of flavonoids/（μg·g^-1）
品种 Varieties	成分 Component	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
千丝绊 H.syriacus ‘Qiansiban’	槲皮素-3-葡萄糖苷 Quercetin-3-glucoside	67.01±6.42a	66.86±9.21a	53.99±4.39b	28.39±2.59c	51.74±8.18b
	木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷 Luteolin-7-O-glucoside	63.98±3.65a	68.76±3.82a	38.42±14.81b	24.08±2.48c	64.04±2.07a
	圣草酚-7-O-葡萄糖苷 Luteolin-7-O-glucoside	344.43±6.56a	300.39±15.44b	225.26±21.63c	149.18±2.05d	166.89±4.96d
	山奈酚-O-六碳糖-C-六碳糖苷 Kaempferol-O-hexose-C-hexoside	207.23±3.52b	304.26±13.82a	90.41±14.09e	158.89±7.26d	178.09±2.14c
	芹菜素-C-二葡萄糖苷 Apigenin-C-diglucoside	1 886.13±13.06a	1 799.08±107.59a	1 563.88±38.44b	674.05±26.14d	1 432.57±70.55c
	木犀草素-3，7-二葡萄糖苷 Luteolin-3，7-diglucoside	268.83±4.48a	285.47±8.45a	139.70±11.48c	101.01±5.07d	222.22±24.85b
	芹菜素-7-O-芸香糖苷 Apigenin-7-O-rutoside	179.94±13.02b	209.29±22.08a	127.37±6.12c	102.17±12.23d	125.15±1.49cd
	牡荆苷Vitexin	—	—	—	—	—
	山奈酚-3-葡萄糖苷 Kaempferol-3-glucoside	—	—	—	—	—
	山奈酚-C-六碳糖苷 Kaempferol-C-hexacarboglycoside	—	—	—	—	—
白色雪纺 H. syriacus ‘White Chiffon’	槲皮素-3-葡萄糖苷 Quercetin-3-glucoside	—	—	—	—	—
	木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷 Luteolin-7-O-glucoside	—	—	—	—	—
	圣草酚-7-O-葡萄糖苷 Luteolin-7-O-glucoside	—	—	—	—	—
	山奈酚-O-六碳糖-C-六碳糖苷 Kaempferol-O-hexose-C-hexoside	—	—	—	—	—
	芹菜素-C-二葡萄糖苷 Apigenin-C-diglucoside	80 777.55±841.00a	26 939.58±569.48b	18 371.65±165.14cd	19 392.76±867.51b	17 316.14±199.53d
	木犀草素-3，7-二葡萄糖苷 Luteolin-3，7-diglucoside	—	—	—	—	—
	芹菜素-7-O-芸香糖苷 Apigenin-7-O-rutoside	4 897.52±271.57a	1 340.45±116.11bc	1 469.38±126.01b	1654.68±149.29b	1 106.15±187.90c
	牡荆苷Vitexin	12 924.87±655.37a	4 564.56±16.50b	3463.82±83.80c	3 638.05±104.47c	2 546.00±287.30d
	山奈酚-3-葡萄糖苷 Kaempferol-3-glucoside	778.58±115.04a	240.49±28.50c	439.77±27.55b	471.58±27.08b	293.13±6.93c
	山奈酚-C-六碳糖苷 Kaempferol-C-hexacarboglycoside	89.62±12.04bc	119.11±1.01a	91.59±19.77bc	104.95±11.73ab	78.28±12.86c

Table 4

Table 5

Physicochemical factors affecting the blossoming of H. syriacus

品种 Varieties	因子 Factor	黄酮类物质质量分数 Contents of flavonoids/（μg·g^-1）
品种 Varieties	因子 Factor	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
白色雪纺 H. syriacus ‘White Chiffon’	Ca²⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	1 791.50±691.01ab	1 135.73±384.03b	1 230.81±605.91ab	1 162.02±530.39b	2 222.61±473.99a
	Cu²⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	12.38±0.66a	4.94±0.40c	9.31±0.40b	2.37±0.48d	5.08±0.36c
	Fe³⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	19.80±10.03c	13.47±2.13c	49.77±5.23b	20.49±7.24c	311.18±11.47a
	Mg²⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	934.67±121.97a	736.67±92.92b	663.09±103.91b	668.77±107.41b	1126.01±105.79a
	Mn²⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	17.66±10.59b	10.62±5.67b	15.22±8.83b	12.59±8.29b	58.94±7.99a
	Zn²⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	9.74±2.23b	7.16±0.62bc	5.39±1.28c	7.32±1.03bc	17.46±1.71a
	pH	5.61±0.04a	5.61±0.05a	5.67±0.02a	5.55±0.03b	5.52±0.04b
	PPO/（U·g^-1·min^-1）	16.70±9.46a	13.03±7.13ab	5.47±1.34bc	3.17±0.58c	5.13±1.33bc
	POD/（U·g^-1·min^-1）	0.25±0.02c	0.22±0.01c	0.29±0.01bc	0.44±0.18b	0.61±0.06a
	含水量Water content/%	90.07±0.01a	90.77±0.03a	92.43±0.0.01a	90.95±0.01a	90.75±0.01a
	总花色苷含量 Anthocyanin content	0	0	0	0	0
千丝绊 H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’	Ca²⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	2 457.49±524.94b	2 017.72±295.50bc	4 186.26±516.54a	1 426.97±427.05c	1 600.80±418.16c
	Cu²⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	8.16±0.75a	2.83±0.18c	5.75±1.89b	3.22±0.37c	4.39±1.44bc
	Fe³⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	234.06±18.20b	89.20±6.53c	538.51±24.00a	75.35±4.30c	39.67±4.17d
	Mg²⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	896.17±118.92ab	720.32±44.57b	1263.74±460.38a	625.00±88.20b	901.02±94.59ab
	Mn²⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	31.32±7.56b	19.81±4.78b	87.70±37.58a	17.51±6.87b	13.31±5.97b
	Zn²⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	20.22±1.78b	12.66±0.44c	32.29±8.51a	13.04±0.86bc	14.12±1.84bc
	pH	5.76±0.09a	5.70±0.03ab	5.64±0.01b	5.68±0.07ab	5.62±0.04b
	PPO/（U·g^-1·min^-1）	3.97±2.59a	2.23±0.42a	3.63±4.83a	1.07±0.25a	1.22±0.17a
	POD/（U·g^-1·min^-1）	0.34±0.06b	0.47±0.07b	0.39±0.06b	0.40±0.03b	1.26±0.64a
	含水量Water content/%	82.55±0.03b	88.62±0.02a	85.57±0.02ab	88.53±0.03a	87.83±0.01a
	总花色苷含量 Anthocyanin content	1.29±0.14a	1.15±0.12a	0.83±0.16b	0.77±0.19b	0.68±0.06b

Table 5

Table 6

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品种 Varieties	时期 Stage	RHSCC	L*	a*	b*	C*
‘白色雪纺’ H. syriacus ‘White Chiffon’	S1	150D	45.30±1.31c	45.00±1.00ab	-5.83±0.48a	58.28±6.28a
	S2	150D	45.62±3.57c	56.00±6.56a	-9.69±0.75b	47.84±0.80ab
	S3	155C	46.56±2.19c	40.67±5.51b	-9.75±0.30b	40.75±5.44bc
	S4	155C	53.05±2.83b	31.33±12.70bc	-9.95±0.67b	33.08±11.78c
	S5	155C	61.67±8.14a	23.33±7.64c	-11.78±1.57c	25.90±7.14d
‘千丝绊’ H. syriacus‘Qiansiban’	S1	59B	75.41±0.85c	-5.29±0.38d	34.27±2.66a	34.68±2.68a
	S2	61D	80.01±4.50b	-3.54±0.17c	21.27±1.71b	21.56±1.70b
	S3	62B	86.00±0.67a	-2.62±0.18b	12.52±2.16c	12.80±2.15c
	S4	68C	80.90±0.67a	-1.95±0.06a	7.06±0.64d	7.32±0.63d
	S5	69B	88.26±0.28a	-2.07±0.07a	8.03±0.52d	8.29±0.53d

峰编号 No.	保留时间/min retention time	分子离子 Molecular ion	碎片离子 Fragment ion	推定结果 Presumption result
R	11.40	465.10	303.05	飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷 Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside
S	13.20	449.10	287.05	矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷 Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside
T	13.95	479.11	317.06	牵牛花素-3-O-葡萄糖苷 Petunidin-3-O-glucoside
X	14.84	433.11	271.06	天竺葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷 Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside
Y	16.30	493.13	331.08	锦葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷 Malvacin-3-O-glucoside

峰编号 No.	保留时间 retention time/min	分子离子 Molecular ion	碎片离子 Fragment ion	推定结果 Presumption result
A	11.28	465.10	303.05	槲皮素-3-葡萄糖苷 Quercetin-3-glucoside
B	13.07	449.10	287.05	木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷 Luteolin-7-O-glucoside
C	14.14	451.12	289.07、199.01	圣草酚-7-O-葡萄糖苷 Sage phenol-7-O-glucoside
N	14.61	611.15	449.10、283.99	山奈酚-C-六碳糖苷 Kaempferol-C-hexacarboglycoside
D	16.28	611.15	499.10	山奈酚-O-六碳糖-C-六碳糖苷 Kaempferol-O-hexose-C-hexoside
E	16.66	595.16	433.11、313.07	芹菜素-C-二葡萄糖苷 Apigenin-C-diglucoside
F	17.13	611.15	499.10	木犀草素-3，7-二葡萄糖苷 Luteolin-3，7-diglucoside
G	19.90	579.16	433.11	芹菜素-7-O-芸香糖苷 Apigenin-7-O-rutoside
H	20.59	433.11	415.10、313.07	牡荆苷 Vitexin
M	23.83	449.10	287.05、198.86	山奈酚-3-葡萄糖苷 Kaempferol-3-glucoside

品种 Varieties	因子	L*	a*	b*	C*	Ca²⁺	Cu²⁺	Fe³⁺	Mg²⁺	Mn²⁺	Zn²⁺	PPO活性	POD活性	pH	含水量 Water content
千丝绊 H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’	L*	1
	a*	-0.479	1
	b*	-0.266	0.511	1
	C*	-0.442	0.923^**	0.147	1
	Ca²⁺含量	-0.273	0.441	0.018	0.516*	1
	Cu²⁺含量	-0.139	0.025	0.521^*	-0.164	0.481	1
	Fe³⁺含量	-0.242	0.582^*	0.177	0.610^*	0.850^**	0.460	1
	Mg²⁺含量	-0.150	0.117	-0.111	0.205	0.931^**	0.582^*	0.699^**	1
	Mn²⁺含量	-0.210	0.494	0.046	0.563^*	0.991^**	0.455	0.890^**	0.898^**	1
	Zn²⁺含量	-0.198	0.436	0.110	0.479	0.963^**	0.590^*	0.915^**	0.906^**	0.972^**	1
	PPO活性	0.247	-0.126	0.141	-0.246	-0.250	-0.034	-0.186	-0.176	-0.231	-0.194	1
	POD活性	0.260	-0.438	-0.388	-0.316	-0.287	-0.258	-0.283	-0.147	-0.276	-0.254	-0.198	1
	pH	0.385	-0.136	-0.030	-0.172	-0.127	-0.059	-0.128	-0.172	-0.110	-0.179	0.037	-0.467	1
	含水量 Water content	0.229	-0.004	-0.162	0.115	-0.108	-0.124	-0.054	-0.117	-0.07	-0.042	-0.449	0.249	-0.012	1
白色雪纺 H. syriacus ‘White Chiffon’	L*	1
	a*	0.798	1
	b*	-0.801	-0.999^**	1
	C*	-0.801	-0.999^**	1.000^**	1
	Ca²⁺	0.267	-0.095	0.072	0.073	1
	Cu²⁺	-0.357	-0.777	0.756	0.756	0.245	1
	Fe³⁺	0.734	0.447	-0.457	-0.457	0.817	-0.206	1
	Mg²⁺	0.211	-0.134	0.120	0.121	0.979^**	0.170	0.806	1
	Mn²⁺	0.642	0.344	-0.358	-0.357	0.886^*	-0.130	0.991^**	0.874	1
	Zn²⁺	0.402	0.161	-0.173	-0.172	0.931^*	-0.114	0.916^*	0.952^*	0.956^*	1
	PPO活性	-0.761	-0.962^**	0.973^**	0.973^**	0.082	0.635	-0.389	0.172	-0.299	-0.101	1
	POD活性	0.665	0.690	-0.708	-0.707	0.612	-0.508	0.852	0.571	0.837	0.779	-0.684	1
	pH	-0.217	-0.431	0.436	0.435	-0.520	0.627	-0.620	-0.565	-0.642	-0.743	0.360	-0.825	1
	含水量 Water content	-0.035	0.206	-0.159	-0.161	-0.480	-0.655	-0.175	-0.304	-0.241	-0.189	0.037	-0.057	-0.117	1

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