Abstract: All of the internal literatures which record Paeonia obovata Maxim., so called, native to the Northeast, described it's flower is red or white.The present paper, dealing with the studies of morphology, anatomy, cytology, geograbhical distribution and developmental rhythm of the peony, comfirms that the red flower type is the real Paeonia obovata Maxim. with morphological features: red petals;light-green filaments, less number of staments; grass-green leavies rising up, and the white type is the Paeonia japonica Miyabe et Takeda with morphological features different from the frormer: white petals; black-purple filaments, more number of staments; black-green leavies extending horizontally. P. obovata blooms in the first ten days of June and is distributed over Soviet: Far-east region, China:the Northeast and the margins of it's near regions, Korea, and Japan. P. japonica blooms in the first twenty days of May and is merely geographica-lly limited to China: Mount. Chang-bai, Korea, and the south part of Japan.