Karyotype and Cluster Analysis of Six Freesia hybrida Cultivars

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2022.04.013

Abstract

Abstract:

The root tip of six cultivars of Freesia hybrida was used as the plant material for karyotype analysis to reveal their karyotype characteristics. Then cluster analysis was performed to clarify the similarity among the six cultivars and to explore their relationship. The results showed that the six freesia cultivars were all tetraploid with 44 chromosomes. The karyotype formula of six cultivars of F. hybrida were as follows respectively： 2n=4x=44=33m+11sm for ‘Gold River’， 2n=4x=44=1M+34m+9sm for ‘White River’， 2n=4x=44=35m+9sm for ‘Castor’， 2n=4x=44=32m+12sm for ‘SN Hongtaige’， 2n=4x=44=38m+6sm for ‘Pink Passion’ ， and 2n=4x=44=37m+7sm for ‘Red River’. The karyotype asymmetry coefficient ranged from 57.00% to 60.07%. The karyotype types were all 2B， and the degree of evolution was medium，which was in the transition stage from symmetry to asymmetric. The evolution trend of karyotype was： ‘Pink Passion’→’Red River’→‘Gold River’→‘White River’→‘Castor’→‘SN Hongtaige’. The clustering results showed that when the genetic distance was 15， it could be divided into two categories： the first category included ‘Gold River’， ‘SN Hongtaige’ and ‘Castor’， the second category included ‘Pink Passion’， ‘Red River’ and ‘White River’. The difference of its karyotype parameters could be used as the basis for the classification of different cultivars of freesia plants， provided theoretical reference for its cytological inheritance and breeding practice in future.

Key words: Freesia hybrida, karyotype, cluster analysis, genetic relationship

CLC Number:

Q243

Xueying GUO, Kailin ZHU, Xin CHEN, Xueqin FU, Dongqin TANG. Karyotype and Cluster Analysis of Six Freesia hybrida Cultivars[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2022, 42(4): 637-646.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Table 2

Table 3

Fig.4

Fig.5

References 38

1	丁苏芹，孙忆，李玺，等.小苍兰品种花色表型数量分类研究［J］.北方园艺，2019（4）：85-91.
	DING S Q， SUN Y， LI X，et al.Study on the numerical classification of flower color phenotype in Freesia hybrida ［J］.Northern Horticulture，2019（4）：85-91.
2	MANNING J C， GOLDBLATT P， DUNCAN G D，et al.Botany and horticulture of the genus Freesia（Iridaceae）［M］.South African National Biodiversity Institute，2010.
3	陈诗林，黄敏玲.小苍兰品种间可溶性蛋白质及其亲缘关系分析［J］.园艺学报，1997（3）：100-102.
	CHEN S L， HUANG M L.Soluble protein analysis and phylogenetic relationship of Freesia cultivars［J］.Acta Horticulturae Sinica，1997（3）：100-102.
4	尤平，郑哲民.五种棺头蟋核型的比较研究［J］.昆虫学报，2001，4（1）：40-45.
	YOU P， ZHENG Z M.Comparative study of karyotypes in five Loxoblemmus species［J］.Acta Entomologica Sinica，2001，44（1）：40-45.
5	苏芸芸，王康才.不同产地藿香核型及似近系数聚类分析［J］.核农学报，2017，31（6）：1053-1060.
	SU Y Y， WANG K C.Analysis of karyotypes and resemblance-near coefficients of agastache rugosa from different areas［J］.Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences，2017，31（6）：1053-1060.
6	李晓莉，贺新桠，肖鑫辉，等.5个木薯品种染色体核型与聚类分析［J］.热带作物学报，2019，40（1）：79-86.
	LI X L， HE X Y， XIAO X H，et al.Karyotype and cluster analysis of five cassava（Manihot esculenta Crantz） Varieties［J］.Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops，2019，40（1）：79-86.
7	谭培.两种扁穗雀麦核型分析与种子萌发期抗旱性研究［D］.杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2017.
	TAN P.Study on karyotype analysis and drought resistance of two rescue grass species（Bromus catharticus Vahl.）［D］.Yangling：Northwest A & F University，2017.
8	龙海梅，张楠卿，李宗艳，等.金盏菊根尖细胞染色体制片与核型分析［J］.浙江农业学报，2020，32（1）：86-92.
	LONG H M， ZHANG N Q， LI Z Y，et al.Study on chromosome technique of Calendula officinalis and its karyotype［J］.Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis，2020，32（1）：86-92.
9	杨东娟，李绪杰，唐泽君.迷迭香的染色体数目与核型分析［J］.韩山师范学院学报，2018，39（6）：27-31.
	YANG D J， LI X J， TANG Z J.An analysis of the chromosome number and karyotype of Rosmarinus officinalis L.［J］.Journal of Hanshan Teachers College，2018，39（6）：27-31.
10	朱炜，陈启航，赵芮，等.芍药9个栽培品种核型多样性研究［C］.//2018年中国观赏园艺学术研讨会.哈尔滨：中国园艺学会，国家花卉工程技术研究中心，2018：144-151.
	ZHU W， CHEN Q H， ZHAO R，et al.Ploidy identification and karyotype analysis of nine Herbaceous Peony cultivars［C］.Advances in Ornamental Horticulture of China，2018：144-151.
11	YANG L H， ZHANG J J， TEIXEIRA DA SILVA J A，et al.Variation in ploidy and karyological diversity in different Herbaceous peony cultivar groups［J］.Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science American Society for Horticultural Science，2017，142（4）：272-278.
12	苏晓倩，王斐，胡凤荣.3个二倍体风信子品种核型分析［J］.浙江农业学报，2019，31（9）：1509-1515.
	SU X Q， WANG F， HU F R.Karyotype analysis of 3 diploid Hyacinth cultivars［J］.Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis，2019，31（9）：1509-1515.
13	费昭雪，雷珊，崔苗苗，等.秦岭野生春兰和蕙兰染色体核型分析［J］.林业科技通讯，2020（5）：24-27.
	FEI Z X， LEI S， CUI M M，et al.Karyotype analysis of wild Cymbidium goeringii and Cymbidium faberi from Qinling［J］.Forest Science and Technology，2020（5）：24-27.
14	TAYLOR W R.Chromosome morphology in Fritillaria，Alstroemeria，Silphium，and other genera［J］.American Journal of Botany，1926，13（3）：179-193.
15	GOLDBLAT P.Systematics of Freesia Klatt（Iridaceae）［J］.Journal of South African Botany，1982，48（1）：39-92.
16	王丽，卜秀玲.香雪兰染色体组型的研究［J］.东北师大学报（自然科学版），1988（03）：93-95.
	WANG L， PU X L.Karyotypic study of Freesia refracta Klatt［J］.Journal of Northeast Normal University（Natural Science Edition），1988（3）：93-95.
17	孙桂芳，赵艺璇，杨建伟，等.秋英属植物核型分析［J］.河北大学学报（自然科学版），2019，39（4）：412-420.
	SUN G F， ZHAO Y X， YANG J W，et al.Karyotype analysis of different varieties of Cosmos ［J］.Journal of Hebei University（Natural Science Edition），2019，39（4）：412-420.
18	张力鹏，郏书行，徐仲凯，等.6个金银花栽培品种的核型分析［J］.北方园艺，2017，（6）：103-107.
	ZHANG L P， JIA S H， XU Z K，et al.Karyotype analysis of six cultivars of Lonicera japonica Thunb［J］.Northern Horticulture，2017，（6）：103-107.
19	刘慧民，陈雅君，吕贵娥，等.17种绣线菊核型特征及核型参数分析［J］.园艺学报，2010，37（9）：1456-1462.
	LIU H M， CHEN Y J， LÜ G E，et al.Karyotype features of 17 species of Spiraea and karyotype parameters analysis［J］.Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2010，37（9）：1456-1462.
20	WONGCHAOCHANT S，DOI M， IMANISHI H.Phylogenetic classification of Freesia spp.by Morphological and physiological characteristics and RAPD markers［J］.Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science，2002，71（6）：758-764.
21	孙忆，丁苏芹，史益敏，等.15个小苍兰品种的花粉形态研究［J］.植物研究，2019，39（1）：17-26.
	SUN Y， DING S Q， SHI Y M，et al.Pollen morphology of 15 cultivars of Freesia hybrida ［J］.Bulletin of Botanical Research，2019，39（1）：17-26.
22	吴晨炜，周凌瑜，王秀丽，等.小苍兰种质遗传多样性的ISSR分析［J］.植物研究，2009，29（3）：357-361.
	WU C W， ZHOU L Y， WANG X L，et al.ISSR analysis of genetic diversity in Freesia refracta germplasm［J］.Bulletin of Botanical Research，2009，29（3）：357-361.
23	TANG D Q， SUN Y， LI X，et al.De novo sequencing of the Freesia hybrida petal transcriptome to discover putative anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and develop EST-SSR markers［J］.Acta Physiologiae Plantarum，2018，40（9）：168.
24	鲜恩英，刘兰，李勇，等.西藏两种蔷薇科藏药植物染色体核型分析［J］.中国民族医药杂志，2014，20（10）：37-39.
	XIAN E Y， LIU L， LI Y，et al.The karyotype analysis of two Tibetan medicinal plant of rosaceae from Tibet［J］.Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy of Chinese Minorities，2014，20（10）：37-39.
25	唐东芹，秦文英.小苍兰新品种‘上农红台阁’［J］.园艺学报，2012，39（10）：2097-2098.
	TANG D Q， QIN W Y.A new cultivar of Freesia × hybrida ‘Shangnong Hongtaige’［J］.Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2012，39（10）：2097-2098.
26	李懋学，陈瑞阳.关于植物核型分析的标准化问题［J］.武汉植物学研究，1985，3（4）：297-302.
	LI M X， CHEN R Y.A suggestion on the standardization of karyotype analysis in plants［J］.Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research，1985，3（4）：297-302.
27	LEVAN A， FREDGA K， SANDBERG A A.Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes［J］.Hereditas，1964，52（2）：201-220.
28	KUO S R， WANG T T， HUANG T C.Karyotype analysis of some Formosan gymnosperms［J］.Taiwania，1972，17（1）：66-80.
29	ARANO H.Cytological studies in subfamily carduoideae（composite） of Japan.􀃼［J］.The Botanical Magazine Tokyo，1963，76（905）：419-427.
30	STEBBINS G L.Chromosomal evolution in higher plants［M］.London：Edward Arnold，1971：87-90.
31	彭海英.花楸属部分植物形态与核型研究［D］.南京：南京林业大学，2016.
	PENG H Y.Morphological and cytological research on species in Sorbus L.［D］.Nanjing：Nanjing Forestry University，2016.
32	王丽平.黄杨属五种植物的核型分析［D］.南京：南京林业大学，2010.
	WANG L P.Karyotype analysis on five species of genus Buxu ［D］.Nanjing：Nanjing Forestry University，2010.
33	盛璐.铁钱莲属16种植物的核型分析［D］.南京：南京林业大学，2011.
	SHENG L.Karyotype analysis on sixteen species of genus Clematis ［D］.Nanjing：Nanjing Forestry University，2011.
34	苏庆祥.25种柱花草染色体核型与亲缘关系分析［D］.海口：海南大学，2018.
	SU Q X.Analysis of karyotypes and genetic relationships of Stylosanthes ［D］.Haikou：Hainan University，2018.
35	WANG L. Freesia（Freesia×hybrida）［M］//ANDERSON N O.Flower breeding and genetics：issues，challenges，and opportunities for the 21st century.Dordrecht：Springer，2007：665-693.
36	陈瑞阳，宋文芹，李秀兰.中国主要经济植物基因组染色体图谱：第3册［M］.北京：科学出版社，2003：1-152.
	CHEN R Y， SONG W Q， LI X L.Chromsome Atlas of major economic plants genome in China（Third）［M］.Beijing：Science Press，2003：1-152.
37	郭玉洁，张响，郭明阳，等.6种鼠尾草属植物的核型分析［J］.河北农业大学学报，2018，41（5）：90-93，123.
	GUO Y J， ZHANG X， GUO M Y，et al.Karyotype analysis of six species of Salvia L. ［J］.Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei，2018，41（5）：90-93，123.
38	姚启伦，陈发波，何章帅，等.基于染色体核型的玉米地方品种聚类分析［J］.河南农业科学，2017，46（6）：34-38.
	YAO Q L， CHEN F B， HE Z S，et al.Cluster analysis of Maize Landraces based on karyotype parameters［J］.Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences，2017，46（6）：34-38.

编号Code	品种 Cultivars	花色 Flower color	花型 Flower types	来源 Origin	亲本 Parents
1	‘Gold River’	黄色 Yellow	单瓣型 Single petal type	荷兰 Netherlands	未知 Unknown
2	‘White River’	白色 White	单瓣型 Single petal type	荷兰 Netherlands	未知 Unknown
3	‘Castor’	蓝紫色 Blue violet	单瓣型 Single petal type	荷兰 Netherlands	未知 Unknown
4	‘SN Hongtaige’	深红色 Dark red	重瓣型 Double petal type	中国 China	‘Red Lion’^［25］
5	‘Pink Passion’	粉红色 Pink	单瓣型 Single petal type	荷兰 Netherlands	未知 Unknown
6	‘Red River’	红色 Red	单瓣型 Single petal type	荷兰 Netherlands	未知 Unknown

品种 Cultivars	染色体组编号 Chromosome number	相对长度（L+S=T） Relative length /%	臂比（L/S） Arm ratio	着丝粒类型 Centromere type	染色体编号 Chromosome number	相对长度（L+S=T） Relative length/%	臂比（L/S） Arm ratio	着丝粒类型 Centromere type
‘Gold River’	1	7.71+5.27=12.98	1.46	m	7	4.56+4.16=8.71	1.10	m
	2	6.95+3.59=10.54	1.94	m	8	4.92+3.23=8.15	1.52	sm
	3	5.61+4.45=10.06	1.26	sm	9	4.60+3.11=7.71	1.48	m
	4	5.87+4.18=10.05	1.40	m	10	4.21+2.87=7.07	1.47	m
	5	6.35+3.33=9.68	1.90	m	11	3.18+2.97=6.15	1.07	m
	6	5.07+3.82=8.89	1.33	sm
‘White River’	1	7.82+4.26=12.09	1.84	sm	7	5.26+3.67=8.93	1.43	m
	2	6.96+4.58=11.54	1.52	m	8	5.54+3.14=8.68	1.77	m
	3	6.02+4.65=10.67	1.29	m	9	3.94+3.31=7.25	1.19	m
	4	6.11+3.60=9.70	1.70	m	10	3.52+3.16=6.68	1.12	m
	5	5.48+3.76=9.23	1.46	m	11	3.50+2.63=6.13	1.33	m
	6	5.15+3.96=9.11	1.30	m
‘Castor’	1	8.59+4.84=13.42	1.77	m	7	5.13+3.13=8.26	1.64	m
	2	7.49+3.33=10.81	2.25	m	8	4.29+3.52=7.81	1.22	sm
	3	5.97+4.71=10.68	1.27	m	9	4.12+3.58=7.70	1.15	m
	4	6.19+3.87=10.06	1.60	sm	10	4.52+2.86=7.38	1.58	m
	5	4.93+4.05=8.98	1.22	sm	11	3.45+2.79=6.24	1.24	m
	6	5.36+3.29=8.65	1.63	m
‘SN Hongtaige’	1	7.98+5.18=13.16	1.54	m	7	5.22+2.91=8.13	1.79	m
	2	7.51+4.24=11.75	1.77	sm	8	4.16+3.54=7.69	1.17	m
	3	5.70+4.75=10.45	1.20	m	9	4.43+2.81=7.24	1.57	m
	4	6.20+3.99=10.19	1.55	m	10	3.53+3.17=6.69	1.11	m
	5	6.41+3.15=9.55	2.03	m	11	3.91+2.54=6.45	1.54	m
	6	5.04+3.65=8.69	1.38	m
‘Pink Passion’	1	7.83+5.81=13.64	1.35	sm	7	4.86+3.59=8.45	1.36	m
	2	6.00+4.97=10.98	1.21	m	8	4.24+3.88=8.12	1.09	m
	3	6.21+3.94=10.14	1.58	m	9	4.49+2.97=7.46	1.51	m
	4	4.90+4.44=9.33	1.10	m	10	4.05+3.17=7.22	1.28	m
	5	5.64+3.57=9.21	1.58	m	11	3.58+3.23=6.81	1.11	m
	6	5.22+3.42=8.64	1.52	m
‘Red River’	1	7.17+5.64=12.81	1.27	m	7	4.71+3.78=8.48	1.25	m
	2	6.44+4.75=11.19	1.36	m	8	4.52+3.67=8.19	1.23	m
	3	7.03+3.92=10.95	1.79	m	9	4.78+2.71=7.49	1.77	m
	4	6.54+3.92=10.46	1.67	sm	10	3.49+3.16=6.65	1.10	m
	5	5.40+4.09=9.48	1.32	m	11	3.17+2.42=5.59	1.31	m
	6	4.97+3.73=8.70	1.33	m

品种 Cultivars	核型公式 Karyotype formula	染色体相对长度组成 Chromosome relative length composition	核不对称系数 Asymmetrical karyotype coefficient /%	染色体长度比 Chromosome length ratio	平均臂比 Arm ratio average	臂比大于2的比例 Scale of arm ratio>2 /%	核型分类 Classification
‘Gold River’	2n=4x=44=33m+11sm	6L+18M1+15M2+5S	59.07	2.62	1.47	6.82	2B
‘White River’	2n=4x=44=1M+34m+9sm	6L+15M1+14M2+9S	59.30	2.21	1.46	2.27	2B
‘Castor’	2n=4x=44=35m+9sm	4L+23M1+14M2+3S	60.05	2.60	1.52	6.82	2B
‘SN Hongtaige’	2n=4x=44=32m+12sm	8L+19M1+12M2+5S	60.07	2.54	1.52	9.09	2B
‘Pink Passion’	2n=4x=44=38m+6sm	5L+23M1+13M2+3S	57.00	2.71	1.35	2.27	2B
‘Red River’	2n=4x=44=37m+7sm	6L+16M1+16M2+6S	58.22	2.84	1.42	4.55	2B

[1]	Shujun ZHNAG, Xinxin YANG, Jian LUO. Micromorphological Characteristics of Pollen and Its Taxonomic Significance of Saussurea in Sedgera Mountains of Tibet [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2023, 43(5): 741-755.
[2]	Xiayu HU, Yuping LIU, Xu SU, Ping YANG, Yanan WANG. Chromosome Number and Karyotype Analysis of Different Populations in Sophora alopecuroides (Fabaceae) [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2023, 43(1): 9-19.
[3]	Jiawei XIAO, Yingjia WANG, Wenxuan HUANG, Weiping LI, Gongping KANG. Supplementary Description on Morphology and Cytology of Aster longipetiolatus C.C.Chang (Asteraceae) [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2022, 42(5): 741-745.
[4]	Yi-Lan CHEN, Hai-Min LIAO, Zheng-Feng WANG, Xiang-Xun HUANG, Dong-Ming LIU. Chromosome Preparation and Karyotype Analysis of Cordia subcordata [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2021, 41(5): 684-689.
[5]	Yan-Ci LI, Nai-Feng FU, Jia-Zhi SUN, Yan XIAO, Jian-Guo CAO, Dai-Ke TIAN. Intraspecific Phenotypic Diversity in Begonia grandis [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2021, 41(5): 775-788.
[6]	YANG Bin, MENG Qing-Yao, ZHANG Kai, DUAN Yi-Zhong. Chloroplast Genome Characterization and Identification of Genetic Relationship of Relict Endangered Plant Amygdalus nana [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2020, 40(5): 686-695.
[7]	LI Xiang, FAN Zuo-Yi, WANG Jing-Yuan, WANG Qi, LI Xi-Peng, WANG De-Qiu, KONG Ling-Yuan, CAO Sen-Lin, MENG Qing-Gang, ZHAO Xi-Yang. Codon Usage Bias of Chalcone Synthase Gene CHS in Pinus koraiensis [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2020, 40(3): 447-457.
[8]	SHEN Lin, YU Jing, LI Dan-Dan, GUO Shui-Liang. Geographical Elements of Bryophytes Recorded from Zhoushan Archipelago——Discussion on Methods of Geographical Element Division of Bryophytes [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2019, 39(6): 826-834.
[9]	DUAN Yi-Zhong, DU Zhong-Yu, WANG Hai-Tao. Chloroplast Genome Characteristics of Endangered Relict Plant Tetraena mongolica in the Arid Region of Northwest China [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2019, 39(5): 653-663.
[10]	GUO Wen-Li, LI Yi-Liang, ZHAO Fen-Cheng, TIE Jun, LIAO Fang-Yan, ZHONG Sui-Ying, LIN Chang-Ming, YE Wei-Fang. Phenotypic Genetic Diversity of Pinus elliottii×P.caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis Clones [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2019, 39(2): 259-266.
[11]	SUN Yi, DING Su-Qin, SHI Yi-Min, TANG Dong-Qin. Pollen Morphology of 15 Cultivars of Freesia hybrida [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2019, 39(1): 17-26.
[12]	YANG Liu-Hui, ZHANG Jian-Jun, WANG Qi, ZHU Wei, ZHANG Teng, YU Xiao-Nan. Ploidy Identification and Karyotype Analysis of Five Itoh Hybrid Peonies [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2017, 37(4): 535-541.
[13]	CHOU Huan-Huan, TANG Hong. Interspecific Relationship among the Wild Species of Paeonia Sect. Moutan DC with ITS and matK Sequence [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2017, 37(4): 603-612.
[14]	ZOU Man-Yu, LU Yong-Liang, YIN Li-Ping, GUO Shui-Liang. Morphological Variations, Genetics and Geographic Background of Echinochloa crus-galli in China [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2017, 37(2): 227-235.
[15]	DU Qing-Xin, LIU Pan-Feng, WEI Yan-Xiu, QING Jun, DU Hong-Yan. Comprehensive Evaluation of Eucommia ulmoides Male Flowers Quality by Principal Component and Cluster Analysis [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2016, 36(6): 846-852.