中国马蹄荷群落植物多样性及其驱动机制

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2026.01.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对马蹄荷（Exbucklandia populnea）群落的多样性格局及驱动机制，该研究系统分析了云南、广西和贵州等马蹄荷主要分布区不同更新起源（天然林与人工林）、林龄梯度、抚育强度及年降水量等对植物种组成、α与β多样性的影响。通过Simpson和Shannon-Wiener指数比较不同林分的α多样性；以非度量多维尺度分析（NMDS）、UPGMA聚类和指示种分析揭示β多样性格局；基于冗余分析（RDA）及其方差分解量化各因子对不同群落层次物种丰富度和多样性的驱动作用及其解释率。结果表明：未抚育的天然老龄林在各类型的丰富度和多样性指数上均显著高于人工林（P<0.05）；NMDS与UPGMA聚类将天然林与人工林清晰区分（P<0.001），且指示种分析在3个天然林分中分别筛选出14、4和1种指示种，而人工林未检出指示种；RDA显示天然林与林龄对物种丰富度及多样性具有明显的正向作用，抚育强度与年降水量则表现出负向影响。整体上，地理位置、更新起源、林龄与经营干预共同塑造马蹄荷群落的α与β多样性格局，该研究为马蹄荷群落的精细化经营和多样性保护提供了实证依据。

关键词: 马蹄荷, α多样性, β多样性, 指示种, 冗余分析

Abstract:

This study systematically evaluated the diversity patterns and key drivers of Exbucklandia populnea-dominated forest communities across major distribution regions such as Yunnan， Guangxi， and Guizhou， China. Specifically， we assessed the effects of stand origin（natural vs. plantation）， stand age， understory tending intensity， and annual precipitation on species composition， as well as on alpha（α） and beta（β） diversity. α-diversity was evaluated using Simpson’s and Shannon-Wiener indices， while β-diversity patterns were analyzed through non-metric multidimensional scaling（NMDS）， UPGMA clustering， and indicator species analysis. Redundancy analysis（RDA） with variation partitioning was used to quantify the proportion of explained variation of each factor to species richness and diversity across vegetation strata. The results showed that untended old-growth natural stands exhibited significantly higher richness and diversity than plantations（P<0.05）. NMDS and UPGMA clearly distinguished natural from plantation stands（P<0.001）， with 14， 4， and 1 indicator species identified in the three natural stands， respectively， while no indicator species were found in plantations. RDA further revealed strong positive effects of natural origin and stand age， and negative effects of understory tending intensity and precipitation， on species richness and diversity. Overall， geographic location， stand origin， stand age， and management practices jointly shaped the α- and β-diversity patterns of E. populnea communities， providing empirical support for refined forest management and biodiversity conservation.

Key words: Exbucklandia populnea, alpha diversity, beta diversity, indicator species, redundancy analysis

中图分类号:

S718.55+3

买凯乐, 张象君, 何振革, 梁梅华, 劳广杰, 陶玉姣. 中国马蹄荷群落植物多样性及其驱动机制[J]. 植物研究, 2026, 46(1): 167-180.

Kaile MAI, Xiangjun ZHANG, Zhenge HE, Meihua LIANG, Guangjie LAO, Yujiao TAO. Plant Diversity and Its Driving Mechanisms in Exbucklandia populnea Communities in China[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2026, 46(1): 167-180.

图/表 10

表1

表2

表3

马蹄荷群落优势种的重要值

地点 Location	植被层 Vegetation layer	物种 Species	重要值 Importance value
云南大围山 Dawei Mountains，Yunnan	乔木层Tree layer	马蹄荷Exbucklandia populnea	0.633
		山樱花Prunus serrulata	0.228
		云南波罗栎Quercus yunnanensis	0.116
	灌木层Shrub layer	香樟Cinnamomum camphora	0.285
		马蹄荷Exbucklandia populnea	0.185
		铺地柏Juniperus procumbens	0.127
		枇杷Eriobotrya japonica	0.118
	草本层Herb layer	伏地卷柏Selaginella nipponica	0.369
		川西火绒草Leontopodium wilsonii	0.323
		铁芒箕Dicranopteris linearis	0.124
云南高黎贡山 Gaoligong Mountains，Yunnan	乔木层Tree layer	马蹄荷Exbucklandia populnea	0.780
	灌木层Shrub layer	鹿角锥Castanopsis lamontii	0.281
		丛林素馨Jasminum duclouxii	0.109
		凌霄Campsis grandiflora	0.106
	草本层Herb layer	铁芒箕Dicranopteris linearis	0.273
		长叶肾蕨Nephrolepis biserrata	0.202
		香附子Cyperus rotundus	0.155
广西凤山林场 Fengshan Forest Farm，Guangxi	乔木层Tree layer	马蹄荷Exbucklandia populnea	0.937
	灌木层Shrub layer	杜茎山Maesa japonica	0.688
	灌木层Shrub layer	木蓝Indigofera tinctoria	0.260
	草本层Herb layer	铁芒箕Dicranopteris linearis	0.593
	草本层Herb layer	华南毛蕨Cyclosorus parasiticus	0.316
广西那坡林场 Napo Forest Farm，Guangxi	乔木层Tree layer	马蹄荷Exbucklandia populnea	1.000
	灌木层Shrub layer	阴香Cinnamomum burmanni	0.239
		野牡丹Paeonia delavayi	0.239
		乌药Lindera aggregata	0.197
		粗叶榕Ficus hirta	0.170
		荷木Schima superba	0.155
	草本层Herb layer	艳山姜Alpinia zerumbet	0.351
		铁芒箕Dicranopteris linearis	0.314
		五节芒Miscanthus floridulus	0.118
广西大山塘林场 Dashantang Forest Farm，Guangxi	乔木层Tree layer	马蹄荷Exbucklandia populnea	0.828
	灌木层Shrub layer	水麻Debregeasia orientalis	0.201
		矮冬青Ilex lohfauensis	0.149
		毛勾藤Uncaria hirsuta	0.149
		油桐Vernicia fordii	0.149
	草本层Herb layer	华南楼梯草Elatostema balansae	0.411
	草本层Herb layer	华南毛蕨Cyclosorus parasiticus	0.212
贵州新然村 Xinran Village，Guizhou	乔木层Tree layer	马蹄荷Exbucklandia populnea	0.816
	乔木层Tree layer	红锥Castanopsis hystrix	0.174
	灌木层Shrub layer	三叶地锦Parthenocissus semicordata	0.159
	灌木层Shrub layer	疏花卫矛Euonymus laxiflorus	0.154
	草本层Herb layer	狗脊Woodwardia japonica	0.326
		华南毛蕨Cyclosorus parasiticus	0.122
		狭叶落地梅Lysimachia paridiformis var. stenophylla	0.109

表3

表4

表5

图1

图2

表6

图3

表7

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地点 Location	经纬度 Latitude and longitude	海拔 Elevation /m	年均温度 Mean annual temperature/℃	年降水量 Annual precipitation /mm	林龄 Stand age /a	更新起源 Regeneration origin（Natural/ plantation）	抚育强度 Tending intensity	郁闭度 Canopy cover	平均胸径 Mean diameter at breast height/cm	平均高 Mean height/m
云南大围山 Dawei Mountains，Yunnan	22°55′52.84″N 103°45′38.12″E	1 868	15.1	1 750	27	天然林	林下未抚育	0.73±0.02	17.0±1.9	15.3±0.8
云南高黎贡山 Gaoligong Mountains， Yunnan	24°48′56.03″N 98°34′2.99″E	1 863	14.1	1 450	24	天然林	林下进行中等强度抚育，并种植杉木	0.73±0.02	17.1±2.6	17.3±3.1
广西凤山林场 Fengshan Forest Farm， Guangxi	24°33′24.80″N 107°11′21.03″E	710	18.4	1 367	20	人工林	林下强度抚育，灌木草本极少	0.73±0.02	20.4±0.8	18.0±0.6
广西那坡林场 Napo Forest Farm， Guangxi	23°27′48.86″N 105°47′3.81″E	1 023	18.6	1 358	40	人工林	林下强度抚育，灌木草本极少	0.77±0.02	24.9±1.4	25.5±4.4
广西大山塘林场 Dashantang Forest Farm， Guangxi	24°43′11.23″N 107°45′20.15″E	761	17.8	1 432	32	人工林	林下轻度抚育	0.80±0.01	27.6±1.4	18.7±1.3
贵州新然村 Xinran Village，Guizhou	25°46′47.64″N 106°26′38.40″E	949	16.1	1 204	60	天然林	林下未抚育	0.88±0.02	29.3±4.6	20.9±1.8

地点 Location	物种丰富度 Species richness
地点 Location	科 Family	属 Genus	物种 Species	乔木 Tree	灌木 Shrub	藤本 Liana	草本 Herb
云南大围山 Dawei Mountains，Yunnan	14.3±1.5^b	17.0±1.0^b	17.0±1.0^b	5.0±2.0^abc	5.7±0.6^b	0.7±1.2^b	5.7±0.6^b
云南高黎贡山 Gaoligong Mountains，Yunnan	13.0±1.0^bc	14.0±1.7^b	14.3±2.1^bc	6.0±2.0^ab	2.3±0.6^c	1.7±0.6^b	4.3±1.5^bc
广西凤山林场 Fengshan Forest Farm，Guangxi	5.0±1.7^d	5.0±1.7^c	5.0±1.7^c	1.3±0.6^c	1.7±1.2^c	0^b	2.0±0^c
广西那坡林场 Napo Forest Farm，Guangxi	5.7±1.2^d	5.7±1.2^c	5.7±1.2^c	2.0±1.0^bc	1.3±0.6^c	0^b	2.3±0.6^bc
广西大山塘林场 Dashantang Forest Farm，Guangxi	9.0±1.7^cd	9.7±2.1^bc	10.0±2.7^bc	3.7±1.2^bc	2.3±1.5^c	0.3±0.6^b	3.7±1.5^bc
贵州新然村 Xinran Village，Guizhou	25.3±2.1^a	33.0±5.6^a	39.3±8.1^a	8.3±2.1^a	13.7±1.5^a	7.0±2.7^a	10.3±2.1^a

地点 Location	Simpson指数 Simpson’s diversity Index			Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity Index
地点 Location	乔木层 Tree layer	灌木层 Shrub layer	草本层 Herb layer	乔木层 Tree layer	灌木层 Shrub layer	草本层 Herb layer
云南大围山 Dawei Mountains，Yunnan	0.531±0.088^a	0.728±0.063^bc	0.542±0.137^ab	0.933±0.151^a	1.530±0.172^b	0.993±0.223^b
云南高黎贡山 Gaoligong Mountains，Yunnan	0.370±0.090^ab	0.661±0.117^bc	0.617±0.169^ab	0.684±0.101^a	1.360±0.167^bc	1.180±0.460^ab
广西凤山林场 Fengshan Forest Farm，Guangxi	0.091±0.158^bc	0.193±0.335^c	0.426±0.060^b	0.149±0.258^bc	0.315±0.545^c	0.616±0.062^b
广西那坡林场 Napo Forest Farm，Guangxi	0^c	0.545±0.094^bc	0.451±0.080^b	0^c	0.816±0.229^bc	0.703±0.187^b
广西大山塘林场 Dashantang Forest Farm，Guangxi	0.303±0.100^abc	0.479±0.419^bc	0.517±0.192^ab	0.580±0.220^ab	0.879±0.797^bc	0.953±0.401^b
贵州新然村 Xinran Village，Guizhou	0.293±0.199^abc	0.911±0.019^a	0.807±0.059^a	0.469±0.236^abc	2.830±0.254^a	1.920±0.222^a

项目 Item	乔木 Tree	灌木 Shrub	藤本 Liana	草本 Herb	全部植物种 Total species
更新起源 Regeneration origin （Natural/plantation）	54.97	21.41	25.70	29.94	30.62
林龄 Stand age	13.52	34.82	32.11	28.01	28.80
抚育强度 Tending intensity	29.46	32.65	15.87	35.34	29.52
年降水量 Annual precipitation	2.13	11.11	26.29	6.74	11.10

项目 Item	乔木层 Tree layer		灌木层 Shrub layer		草本层 Herb layer
项目 Item	Simpson指数 Simpson’s diversity Index	Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity Index	Simpson指数 Simpson’s diversity Index	Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity Index	Simpson指数 Simpson’s diversity Index	Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity Index
更新起源 Regeneration origin （Natural/plantation）	34.42	31.13	46.10	35.34	44.41	34.79
林龄 Stand age	11.62	16.22	28.68	38.85	30.87	37.65
抚育强度 Tending intensity	53.96	52.64	25.13	25.82	24.61	27.51