不同密度柚木人工林林下植被及土壤理化性质的研究

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2017.02.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 研究不同密度柚木人工林对林下植被及土壤理化性质的影响，为柚木人工林营建与可持续经营提供理论依据。以广东揭阳14~16年生不同林分密度（650、900、1 050、1 200和1 450 株·hm^-2）柚木人工林为研究对象，通过样方调查植被的种名、株数、高度及盖度等，并采集0~20和20~40 cm土样进行理化性质分析，对林下植被物种多样性指数及其土壤理化性质进行主成分分析评价，来评价不同林分密度下柚木人工林的立地质量。结果表明：随着林分密度增加，柚木人工林林下植被盖度整体表现出降低趋势，草本优势物种由阳生性到中生性，逐渐向阴生性的过渡，林下植被Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势度指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数表现出先增加后减少的趋势；相同密度下，表层土土壤理化性质优于下层土，随着林分密度增大，土壤理化性质整体呈现出先改善后退化的变化过程，不同林分密度间柚木人工林土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、速效K、速效P、全P、交换性酸和交换性Al等指标差异性显著（P<0.05）；基于林下植被物种多样性和土壤理化性质主成分分析，不同林分密度柚木人工林物种多样性和土壤理化性质综合得分由大到小依次是：1 050 株·hm^-2（4.82）、900 株·hm^-2（1.58）、650 株·hm^-2（-1.30）、1 200 株·hm^-2（-1.81）、1 450 株·hm^-2（-3.29）。因此，说明适宜的林分密度（1 050 株·hm^-2）有利于保持较好的林下植被物种多样性和土壤理化性质，在柚木人工林经营的过程中，可以根据实际情况合理调整林分的密度。

关键词: 柚木人工林, 林分密度, 林下植被, 土壤理化性质

Abstract: We studied the effect of teak(Tectona grandis L.f) plantations with different densities on understory vegetation and soil physical-chemical properties for providing theoretical basis for establishment and sustainable management of teak plantations. We used teak plantations at age of 14-16 with different stand densities(650, 900, 1 050, 1 200 and 1 450 tree·hm^-2) in Jieyang City of Guangdong Province in the experiment. We recorded the species name, quantity, height and coverage of understory vegetation by plant quadrate, and measured soil physical-chemical properties by collecting soil samples from 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths, respectively. We investigated the diversity index of understory vegetation and soil physical-chemical property to evaluate site quality of teak plantation under different densities by principal component analysis. The coverage of understory vegetation was decreased with the increase of stand density. The dominant species of herbs were changed from sun species to shade-tolerant species with the increase of stand density, and the Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, Richness index, and Evenness index jointly showed a tendency that falls after increases first along with the raise of stand density. The physical-chemical properties in the upper layer of soil were superior to these in the deeper layer of soil at the same density. With the increase of stand density, the soil physical-chemical properties presented a change process from first improvement to degradation. The capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity, available K, available P, total P, exchangeable acid and exchangeable aluminum of soil showed significant difference among the different stand densities(P<0.05). By biodiversity indexes and physical-chemical properties of principal component analysis, the order of the composite score of different stand densities on species diversity and soil physical-chemical properties from high to low was:1 050 tree·hm^-2(4.82), 900 tree·hm^-2(1.58), 650 tree·hm^-2(-1.30), 1 200 tree·hm^-2(-1.81) and 1 450 tree·hm^-2(-3.29). By principal component analysis, the stand density(1 050 tree·hm^-2) was more favorable to maintaining better undergrowth species diversity and soil physical-chemical properties. Stand density would be adjusted reasonably according to the actual situation in the management process of teak plantation.

Key words: teak plantation, stand density, understory vegetation, soil physical-chemical properties

中图分类号:

S753

周树平, 梁坤南, 杜健, 李碧均, 周再知, 黄桂华. 不同密度柚木人工林林下植被及土壤理化性质的研究[J]. 植物研究, 2017, 37(2): 200-210.

ZHOU Shu-Ping, LIANG Kun-Nan, DU Jiang, LI Bi-Jun, ZHOU Zai-Zhi, HUANG Gui-Hua. Research on Understory Vegetation and Soil Physical-chemical Properties of Teak Plantation with Difference Stand Densities[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2017, 37(2): 200-210.

参考文献

1. 杨承栋,焦如珍,屠星南,等. 发育林下植被是恢复杉木人工林地力的重要途径[J]. 林业科学,1995,31(3):275-283.Yang C D,Jiao R Z,Tu X N,et al. Developing undergrowth vegetation is an important way to recover soil fertility of Chinese fir plantation[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1995,31(3):275-283.
2. Vanderschaaf C L. Estimating understory vegetation response to multi-nutrient fertilization in Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine stands[J]. Journal of Forest Research,2008,13(1):43-51.
3. Carr C A,Krueger W C. Understory vegetation and ponderosa pine abundance in Eastern Oregon[J]. Rangeland Ecology & Management,2011,64(5):533-542.
4. Rivaie A A. The effects of understory vegetation on P availability in Pinus radiata forest stands:a review[J]. Journal of Forestry Research,2014,25(3):489-500.
5. Lahti T. Understorey vegetation as an indicator of forest site potential in Southern Finland[J]. Acta Forestalia Fennica,1995,246:1-68.
6. Zas R,Alonso M. Understory vegetation as indicators of soil characteristics in northwest Spain[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2002,171(1-2):101-111.
7. Saleem S,Kumar M. Vegetation diversity and soil nutrient status of submergence zone of hydroelectric project in Srinagar of Garhwal Himalayas,India[J]. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation,2014,6(12):829-847.
8. Mcglone C M,Stoddard M T,Springer J D,et al. Nonnative species influence vegetative response to ecological restoration:two forests with divergent restoration outcomes[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2012,285:195-203.
9. 何艺玲,傅懋毅. 人工林林下植被的研究现状[J]. 林业科学研究,2002,15(6):727-733.He Y L,Fu M Y. Review of studies on understorey of plantations[J]. Forest Research,2002,15(6):727-733.
10. 盛炜彤. 不同密度杉木人工林林下植被发育与演替的定位研究[J]. 林业科学研究,2001,14(5):463-471.Sheng W T. A long-term study on development and succession of undergrowth vegetations in Chinese Fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations with different density[J]. Forest Research,2001,14(5):463-471.
11. 梁坤南,周再知,马华明,等. 我国珍贵树种柚木人工林发展现状、对策与展望[J]. 福建林业科技,2011,38(4):173-178.Liang K N,Zhou Z Z,Ma H M,et al. Development status,countermeasures and prospects of the rare tree species teak plantations in China[J]. Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology,2011,38(4):173-178.
12. 马华明,梁坤南,周再知. 我国柚木的研究与发展[J]. 林业科学研究,2003,16(6):768-773.Ma H M,Liang K N,Zhou Z Z,et al. Research and development of teak in China[J]. Forest Research,2003,16(6):768-773.
13. 赖猛,梁坤南,黄桂华,等. 柚木种源生长和与材质有关特性的遗传变异及综合评价[J]. 林业科学研究,2011,24(2):234-238.Lai M,Liang K N,Huang G H,et al. Genetic variation and comprehensive evaluation in growth and wood relevant properties of different provenances of Tectona grandis[J]. Forest Research,2011,24(2):234-238.
14. 邝炳朝,郑淑珍. 我国柚木的遗传改良[J]. 林业科学研究,1991,4(2):139-146.Kuang B C,Zhen S Z. Genetic improvement of teak(Tectona grandis) in China[J]. Forest Research,1991,4(2):139-146.
15. 卢俊培. 海南柚木立地类型及评价[J]. 林业科学研究,1994,7(6):677-684.Lu J P. Site Classification and evaluation of teak forests in Hainan Island[J]. Forest Research,1994,7(6):677-684.
16. 李运兴,明安刚,王亚南,等. 除杂灌和松土抚育措施对柚木及其林下植被的影响[J]. 中国农学通报,2015,31(34):28-32.Li Y X,Ming A G,Wang Y N,et al. Effect of weed control and scarification on plantations of Tectona grandis and their undergrowth vegetation[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(34):28-32.
17. Amponsah I,Meyer W. Soil characteristics in teak plantations and natural forests in Ashanti region,Ghana[J]. Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis,2000,31(3-4):355-373.
18. Jayaraman K,Zeide B. Optimizing stand density in teak plantations[J]. Journal of Sustainable Forestry,2007,24(4):1-22.
19. 康冰,刘世荣,蔡道雄,等. 马尾松人工林林分密度对林下植被及土壤性质的影响[J]. 应用生态学报,2009,20(10):2323-2331.Kang B,Liu S R,Cai D X,et al. Effects of Pinus massoniana plantation stand density on understory vegetation and soil properties[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(10):2323-2331.
20. 叶宗裕. 关于多指标综合评价中指标正向化和无量纲化方法的选择[J]. 浙江统计,2003,(4):24-25.Ye Z Y,The choice of multi-index comprehensive evaluation index in positive and dimensionless method[J]. Zhejiang Statistics,2003,(4):24-25.
21. 林娜,刘勇,于海群,等. 不同林龄飞播油松林林下植被多样性研究[J]. 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2011,35(3):16-20.Lin N,Liu Y,Yu H Q,et al. Study on the diversity of understory vegetation in different age aerial seeding forests[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Science Edition,2011,35(3):16-20.
22. 叶万辉. 物种多样性与植物群落的维持机制[J]. 生物多样性,2000,8(1):17-24.Ye W H. The maintenance mechanism of plant community and its species diversity[J]. Chinses Biodiversity,2000,8(1):17-24.
23. Koonkhunthod N,Sakurai K,Tanaka S. Composition and diversity of woody regeneration in a 37-year-old teak(Tectona grandis L.) plantation in Northern Thailand[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2007,247(1-3):246-254.
24. 邹扬,贺康宁,赵畅,等. 高寒区青海云杉人工林密度与林下植物多样性的关系[J]. 西北植物学报,2013,33(12):2543-2549.Zou Y,He K N,Zhao C,et al. Relationship between plantation density and the plants diversity under forest of Picea crassifolia in alpine region[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2013,33(12):2543-2549.
25. Alem S,Pavlis J,Urban J,et al. Pure and mixed plantations of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Cupressus lusitanica:their growth interactions and effect on diversity and density of undergrowth woody plants in relation to light[J]. Open Journal of Forestry,2015,5(4):375-386.
26. 赵芳,欧阳勋志. 飞播马尾松林林下植被盖度与环境因子的关系[J]. 应用生态学报,2015,26(4):1071-1076.Zhao F,Ouyang X Z. Relationships between understory vegetation coverage and environmental factors in Pinus massoniana plantations from aerial seeding[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(4):1071-1076.
27. Chen Y M,Cao Y. Response of tree regeneration and understory plant species diversity to stand density in mature Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China[J]. Ecological Engineering,2014,73:238-245.
28. Wang S L,Ma C,Yuan W B. Soil physical and chemical properties under four densities of hybrid larch plantations[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2012,524-527:2139-2142.
29. 范少辉,赵建诚,苏文会,等. 不同密度毛竹林土壤质量综合评价[J]. 林业科学,2015,51(10):1-9.Fan S H,Zhao J C,Su W H,et al. Comprehensive evaluation of soil quality in Phyllostachys edulis stands of different stocking Stocking densities[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(10):1-9.
30. 陈莉莉,王得祥,张宋智,等. 不同密度油松人工林土壤特性及水源涵养功能研究[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2013,41(7):141-149.Chen L L,Wang D X,Zhang S Z,et al. Soil properties and water conservation function of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation with different stand densities[J]. Journal of Northwest A&F University:Natural Science Edition,2013,41(7):141-149.
31. 王岳,王海燕,李旭,等. 不同密度下近天然落叶松云冷杉林各土层土壤理化特征[J]. 草业科学,2014,31(8):1424-1429.Wang Y,Wang H Y,Li X,et al. Soil physical and chemical characteristics of different depths in semi-natural mixed larch-spruce-fir at different stand densities[J]. Pratacultural Science,2014,31(8):1424-1429.
32. Zech W,Drechsel P. Relationships between growth,mineral nutrition and site factors of teak(Tectona grandis) plantations in the rainforest zone of Liberia[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1991,41(3-4):221-235.
33. Tanaka N,Hamazaki T,Vacharangkura T. Distribution,growth and site requirements of teak[J]. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,1998,32(1):65-77.
34. 丁松,应学亮,吕丹,等. 赣南飞播马尾松林林下植被盖度对土壤质量的影响[J]. 水土保持研究,2014,21(3):31-36.Ding S,Ying X L,Lü D,et al. Effects of understory vegetation coverage on soil quality of aerial seeding Pinus massoniana stands in south of Jiangxi Province[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(3):31-36.
35. 吕瑞恒,李国雷,刘勇,等. 不同立地条件下华北落叶松叶凋落物的分解特性[J]. 林业科学,2012,48(2):31-37.Lü R H,Li G L,Liu Y,et al. Decomposition characteristics of coniferous litter under different site conditions in a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2012,48(2):31-37.
36. 逯军峰,王辉,曹靖,等. 油松人工林凋落物对土壤理化性质的影响[J]. 西北林学院学报,2007,22(3):25-28.Lu J F,Wang H,Cao J,et al. Effect of forest litiers on soil physical and chemical properties in Pinus tabulaeformis plantation[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2007,22(3):25-28.
37. 何应会,曾佩玲,韦铄星,等. 珍贵树种多树种混交林的凋落物现存量及持水性能[J]. 南方农业学报,2015,46(1):85-90.He Y H,Zeng P L,Wei S X,et al. Litter standing crop and its water-holding capacity of the mixed forest of rare tree multi-species[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture,2015,46(1):85-90.

[1]	尹凤玲, 刘旻霞, 刘成, 王明星, 席可. 单户与联户经营对高寒草甸土壤理化性质与植物多样性的影响[J]. 植物研究, 2023, 43(2): 261-271.
[2]	白舒冰, 邢小艺, 关雯雨, 董丽. 首云铁矿废弃土壤对2种景天属植物生长的影响[J]. 植物研究, 2022, 42(4): 677-687.
[3]	张青青, 周再知, 黄桂华, 赵威威, 王西洋, 杨光, 刘高峰. 施肥对柚木幼林生长及林下植被的影响[J]. 植物研究, 2022, 42(4): 694-703.
[4]	廖礼彬, 石福孙, 张楠楠, 陈晓霞, 补欢欢, 孙福勇. 不同种植年限对花椒根际土壤理化性质和微生物群落的影响[J]. 植物研究, 2022, 42(3): 466-474.
[5]	张潇月, 齐锦秋, 张柳桦, 王媚臻, 李婷婷, 鱼舜尧, 郝建锋. 人为干扰对金马河温江段护岸林物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响[J]. 植物研究, 2019, 39(1): 78-86.
[6]	彭瑶, 曹凤艳, 曲来叶. 兴安落叶松林不同强度火烧迹地土壤微生物群落特性研究[J]. 植物研究, 2017, 37(4): 549-555.
[7]	李慧, 王百田, 曹远博, 刘青青, 李德宁. 吕梁山区3种人工林植被、凋落物生物量差异特征及其与土壤养分的关系[J]. 植物研究, 2016, 36(4): 573-580.
[8]	郝建锋1,2；王德艺1；李艳1；姚小兰1；张逸博1；朱云航1；齐锦秋1,3. 不同林分密度下川北白云山地区喜树人工林的群落结构和物种多样性[J]. 植物研究, 2015, 35(5): 772-778.
[9]	孙美欧;贾炜玮*;李凤日;董利虎;肖锐. 黑龙江省东部地区红松人工中幼龄林生物量研究[J]. 植物研究, 2014, 34(2): 232-237.
[10]	车少辉;张建国*. 基于自稀疏理论的杉木人工林密度指标研究[J]. 植物研究, 2012, 32(3): 343-347.
[11]	关继义, 陈永亮, 贾道兴, 刘义. 榛属群丛对土壤理化性质影响的研究[J]. 植物研究, 1998, 18(3): 366-371.