中国沙棘大小年结实的水碳生理机制

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2026.05.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究中国沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis）大小年结实的生理机制，本研究测定了大年、小年沙棘雌株及雄株在当年（2022年）的枝条水势、导水损失率（percentage loss of conductivity，PLC）和叶片净光合速率（P_n），以及当年和次年（2023年）的枝、叶非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）含量、枝条生长、结实状况和果实营养成分。结果表明：（1）3种类型沙棘枝条的凌晨和正午水势均无显著差异；枝条凌晨PLC均低于20.0%，正午PLC为29.9%~33.5%。（2）3种类型沙棘间的P_n存在显著差异，大年雌株的P_n分别比小年雌株和雄株高55.7%和20.0%；当年9月，大年雌株枝、叶淀粉含量比小年雌株和雄株低26.2%~42.2%，NSC含量降低4.6%~29.7%；次年4月，大年雌株枝、叶淀粉含量比小年雌株和雄株低36.3%~60.5%，NSC含量降低23.5%~42.1%。（3）当年，小年雌株叶、枝、芽生长指标平均比大年雌株高19.1%；次年，大年雌株叶、枝、芽生长指标平均比小年雌株高6.6%。（4）当年，大年雌株10 cm枝结果数量是小年雌株的2.1倍，但果实纵径、横径、百果质量及可溶性固形物、维生素C和总黄酮含量均显著低于小年雌株；次年，小年雌株10 cm枝结果数量是大年雌株的1.3倍，果实营养成分含量无显著差异。上述结果表明，水分状况并非中国沙棘大小年结实的主要限制因素，光合产物的贮藏与竞争起主导作用。大年雌株果实发育对碳的大量需求导致碳贮藏量减少，抑制了枝、叶、芽生长，降低了果实和花芽质量，进而诱发次年小年现象。

关键词: 中国沙棘, 大小年结实, 非结构性碳水化合物, 枝条生长, 果实性状

Abstract:

To explore the physiological mechanisms underlying alternate fruiting in Chinese sea buckthorn （Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis）， on-year female， off-year female， and male plants were selected as materials. Branch water potential， branch percentage loss of conductivity（PLC） and leaf net photosynthetic rate（P_n） were measured in the current year（2022）. Additionally， nonstructural carbohydrate （NSC） content in branches and leaves， branch growth， fruiting traits， and fruit nutrient contents were assessed in both the current year and the subsequent year（2023）. The results indicated that：（1）No significant differences were observed in branch predawn or midday water potential among the three plant types. Branch predawn PLC values remained below 20.0%， whereas midday PLC values ranged from 29.9% to 33.5%. （2） Significant differences in P_n were found among the groups. The P_n of on-year female plants was 55.7% and 20.0% higher than that of off-year female and male plants， respectively. In September of the current year， starch content in the branches and leaves of on-year female plants was 26.2%-42.2% lower than that of off-year female and male plants， with NSC content decreasing by 4.6%-29.7%. In April of the subsequent year， starch content in on-year female plants was 36.3%-60.5% lower， and NSC content decreased by 23.5%-42.1% compared to off-year female and male plants. （3）In the current year， growth indices of leaves， branches， and buds in off-year female plants were on average 19.1% higher than those in on-year female plants. In the subsequent year， growth indices in on-year female plants were on average 6.6% higher than those in off-year female plants. （4）In the current year， the fruit number per 10 cm of branch in on-year female plants was 2.1 times that of off-year female plants； however， longitudinal and transverse fruit diameters， mass per 100 fruits， and contents of soluble solids， vitamin C， and total flavonoids were significantly lower than those in off-year female plants. In the subsequent year， the fruit number per 10 cm of branch in off-year female plants was 1.3 times that of on-year female plants， with no significant differences in fruit nutrient contents. These findings suggest that branch， leaf， and bud growth in on-year female plants of sea buckthorn is significantly inhibited. The high carbohydrate demand for fruit development reduces carbon storage， leading to the decreased fruit and flower bud quality， which triggers alternate fruiting in the subsequent year. Water status is not the primary driver of alternate fruiting in Chinese sea buckthorn； rather， the storage and competition for photosynthetic products play a dominant role.

Key words: Chinese sea buckthorn, alternate fruiting, NSC, branch growth, fruit trait

中图分类号:

S793.6

代永欣, 宁晨凯, 田鹏, 李泽淇, 杨新莉, 王林. 中国沙棘大小年结实的水碳生理机制[J]. 植物研究, 2026, 46(5): 948-959.

Yongxin DAI, Chenkai NING, Peng TIAN, Zeqi LI, Xinli YANG, Lin WANG. Water-carbon Physiological Mechanism of Alternate Fruiting of Chinese Sea Buckthorn[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2026, 46(5): 948-959.

图/表 6

图1

图2

表1

植株类型、时间及交互对沙棘形态生理指标的影响

指标 Index	植株类型 Plant type		时间 Time		植株类型×时间 Plant type×Time
指标 Index	F	P	F	P	F	P
枝韧皮部可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar content in branch phloem	233.257	<0.001^**	10.350	0.007^**	163.805	<0.001^**
枝木质部可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar content in branch xylem	6.051	0.015^*	63.852	<0.001^**	25.029	<0.001^**
叶片可溶性糖含量 Leaf soluble sugar content	15.296	0.001^**	122.625	<0.001^**	19.678	<0.001^**
枝韧皮部淀粉含量 Starch content in branch phloem	21.217	<0.001^**	13.988	0.003^**	24.224	<0.001^**
枝木质部淀粉含量 Starch content in branch xylem	15.494	<0.001^**	46.932	<0.001^**	4.504	0.035^*
叶片淀粉含量 Leaf starch content	24.409	<0.001^**	131.817	<0.001^**	40.056	<0.001^**
枝韧皮部NSC含量 NSC content in branch phloem	139.224	<0.001^**	0.058	0.814	108.640	<0.001^**
枝木质部NSC含量 NSC content in branch xylem	17.401	<0.001^**	100.708	<0.001^**	18.684	<0.001^**
叶片NSC含量 Leaf NSC content	18.617	<0.001^**	283.196	<0.001^**	61.697	<0.001^**
叶面积 Leaf area	155.566	<0.001^**	103.242	<0.001^**	31.974	<0.001^**
比叶质量 Leaf mass per area	1.765	0.179	0.428	0.515	2.080	0.133
最大新梢长度 Maximum new shoot length	27.119	<0.001^**	308.375	<0.001^**	44.419	<0.001^**
新梢总数 Number of new shoots	9.963	0.001^**	32.420	<0.001^**	4.154	0.030^*
>10 cm新梢总数 Number of new shoots with length >10 cm	1.685	0.210	8.296	0.009^**	42.821	<0.001^**
>10 cm新梢基径 Base diameter of new shoots with length >10 cm	23.529	<0.001^**	162.697	<0.001^**	27.396	<0.001^**
芽间距 Bud spacing	15.783	<0.001^**	547.366	<0.001^**	40.125	<0.001^**
10 cm枝芽数量 Buds number per 10 cm branch	5.320	0.008^**	51.313	<0.001^**	11.365	<0.001^**
花芽比例 Flower-to-bud ratio	0.277	0.759	31.956	<0.001^**	5.738	0.006^**
花芽纵径 Longitudinal diameter of flower bud	110.105	<0.001^**	0.632	0.428	37.054	<0.001^**
花芽横径 Transverse diameter of flower bud	105.347	<0.001^**	12.143	0.001^**	26.591	<0.001^**
10 cm枝结果数量 Fruits number per 10 cm branch	99.489	<0.001^**	24.480	<0.001^**	12.328	0.002^**
果实纵径 Fruit longitudinal diameter	249.038	<0.001^**	3.646	0.062	9.996	0.003^**
果实横径 Fruit transverse diameter	287.495	<0.001^**	70.296	<0.001^**	8.195	0.006^**
百果质量 Mass per 100 fruits	904.923	<0.001^**	631.621	<0.001^**	183.837	<0.001^**
可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solids content	18.836	<0.001^**	11.165	0.004^**	29.823	<0.001^**
可滴定酸水平 Titratable acid level	8.969	0.010^**	0.768	0.395	0.524	0.481
维生素C含量 Vitamin C content	5.410	0.038^*	11.972	0.005^**	25.262	<0.001^**
总黄酮含量 Total flavonoids content	18.581	0.001^**	24.182	<0.001^**	1.376	0.264

表1

图3

表2

表3

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年 Year	植株类型 Plant type	生长指标 Growth index
		叶Leaf		枝Branch
		叶面积 Leaf area/ mm²	比叶质量 Leaf mass per area/ （mg·cm^-2）	新梢总数 Total number of new shoots	>10 cm新梢长度 Length of new shoots with length >10 cm/mm	>10 cm新梢总数 Number of new shoots with length >10 cm	>10 cm新梢基径 Base diameter of new shoots with length >10 cm/mm
当年 Current year	小年雌株 Off-year female	281.51±25.38^Aa	10.29±1.42^Aa	27.83±3.76^Aa	40.83±3.96^Aa	13.17±1.17^Aa	4.08±0.46^Aa
	大年雌株 On-year female	149.06±20.99^Bc	10.99±1.23^Aa	26.50±1.64^Aa	31.55±4.82^Bb	8.50±1.05^Ab	3.05±0.29^Ab
	雄株 Male	201.16±24.56^Ab	10.84±1.38^Aa	21.83±1.94^Ab	32.74±2.75^Ab	7.33±1.03^Bb	3.29±0.23^Ab
次年 The next year	小年雌株 Off-year female	151.74±18.52^Bb	11.19±0.97^Aa	17.33±2.52^Bb	31.68±3.81^Bb	6.00±2.00^Bb	2.39±0.22^Bb
	大年雌株 On-year female	201.72±28.76^Aa	10.54±1.10^Aa	23.67±2.08^Aa	42.66±3.34^Aa	8.67±0.58^Aa	2.20±0.27^Bb
	雄株 Male	142.74±17.42^Bb	10.06±1.50^Aa	16.33±3.79^Bb	27.12±5.89^Bb	10.33±0.58^Aa	2.97±0.19^Aa
年Year	植株类型 Plant type	芽Bud
年Year	植株类型 Plant type	芽间距 Bud spacing/ cm	10 cm枝芽数量 Buds number of 10 cm-length branch	花芽比例 Flower-to-bud ratio/%	花芽纵径 Longitudinal diameter of flower bud/ mm	花芽横径 Transverse diameter of flower bud/ mm
当年 Current year	小年雌株 Off-year female	1.30±0.11^Ab	14.00±0.86^Bc	69.08±7.00^Bb	1.80±0.10^Bb	1.65±0.12^Bb
	大年雌株 On-year female	1.19±0.21^Ac	16.58±2.08^Aa	73.21±5.12^Bab	1.65±0.12^Ac	1.54±0.11^Ac
	雄株 Male	1.49±0.07^Aa	15.11±1.41^Bb	76.19±4.29^Aa	2.26±0.08^Aa	2.06±0.19^Aa
次年 The next year	小年雌株 Off-year female	0.58±0.04^Bb	17.78±3.70^Aab	84.15±3.60^Aa	2.10±0.20^Ab	2.04±0.24^Ab
	大年雌株 On-year female	0.67±0.08^Ba	16.67±1.12^Ab	80.42±3.03^Ab	1.41±0.19^Bc	1.34±0.20^Bc
	雄株 Male	0.53±0.02^Bb	19.89±2.89^Aa	79.55±4.62^Ab	2.29±0.24^Aa	2.25±0.23^Aa

年 Year	植株类型 Plant type	结实性状 Fruiting traits				果实营养成分 Fruit nutrients
年 Year	植株类型 Plant type	10 cm枝结果数量 Fruits number per 10 cm branch	果实纵径 Fruit longitudinal diameter/mm	果实横径 Fruit transverse diameter/mm	百果质量 Mass per 100 fruits/g	可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solids content/%	可滴定酸含量 Titratable acid content/%	维生素C质量分数 Vitamin C mass fraction/ （mg·g^-1）	总黄酮质量分数 Total flavonoid mass fraction/ （mg·g^-1）
当年 Current year	小年雌株 Off-year female	21.00±6.08^Bb	5.62±0.21^Aa	6.11±0.41^Aa	11.25±0.52^Aa	12.90±1.84^Aa	2.82±0.68^Aa	7.16±0.81^Aa	8.51±0.83^Ba
当年 Current year	大年雌株 On-year female	44.50±7.19^Aa	4.44±0.34^Bb	4.65±0.33^Bb	8.70±0.28^Bb	7.96±0.97^Bb	3.36±0.54^Aa	4.78±0.61^Bb	6.37±0.77^Bb
次年 The next year	小年雌株 Off-year female	27.25±5.19^Aa	3.97±0.31^Bb	4.33±0.29^Bb	7.96±0.31^Bb	8.40±0.42^Ba	2.87±0.39^Ab	6.64±0.52^Aa	9.98±0.58^Aa
次年 The next year	大年雌株 On-year female	20.50±5.45^Bb	5.73±0.26^Aa	6.20±0.39^Aa	9.54±0.36^Aa	9.04±0.49^Aa	3.73±0.50^Aa	7.52±0.68^Aa	8.74±0.94^Aa