Bulletin of Botanical Research

Aconitum qianxiense,a New Speceis of Ranunculaceae from Hebei

WANG Wen-Tsai

2013, 33(6): 641-643. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.001

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A species of the genus Aconitum(Ranunculaceae), Aconitum qianxiense, is described as new from Hebei Province. In shape of leaves and flower it bears obvious resemblance to A.carmichaeli Debx., and from the latter differs in its bifurcate tubers, humile zigzag glabrous stem, smaller glabrous leaves, solitary terminal flower, and glabrous pedicel, outer surfaces of sepals and carpels.

Observation of Cremocarp Development of Chuanminshen violaceum(Apiaceae)

SONG Chun-Feng;LIU Yu-Long;LIU Qi-Xin*

2013, 33(6): 659-665. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.004

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The anatomical structures of cremocarp in young fruit phase(young fruit stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ), middle fruit phase (middle fruit stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ) and mature fruit phase (mature fruit stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ) of Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Shan, a species of endemic monotypic genus of Apiaceae in China, were observed. The observation results of anatomical structures show that, the anatomical structures of fruit transaction are variant. Some structure characteristics, such as fruit wall layer and its cell morphology, fruit rib and vascular bundle, vitta, shape of endosperm, shape and size of mericarp transaction change obviously. In the whole development process, fruit wall changes from thick to thin, and cell layers decease gradually. Vittas distribute in the dorsal, marginal and commissure structure, and increase outside gradually. Endosperm enlarges gradually, and its shape changes from circle to peach-shaped, kidney-shaped and crescent at last. Shape of mericarp transaction changes from sub-pentagonous round to shuttle-shaped round. Moreover, the observation finds that the shape of fruit rely on development of vascular in the early stage, then rely on the shape and size of endosperm in later stage.

Biosystematic Relationships and Anatomical Characteristics of Leaf Epidermis of Three Sections’ Plants in Leymus(Poaceae) from China

LIU Yu-Ping;SU Xu;HE Yi-Han;WANG Zhe-Zhi*

2013, 33(6): 644-652. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.002

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The micro-morphological characteristics of leaf epidermises of the major species of sect. Racemosus, sect. Leymus and sect. Anisopyrum in Leymus from China were examined by manual scraping method. The result showed that: (1)The leaf epidermis consists of long cell, stomatal cell, short cell and prickle hair. It belongs to the typical festucoid type. Meanwhile, there are also obvious differences existing on the anatomical characteristics of leaf epidermises including length and width of long-cells, magnitude and distribution of stomatal apparatus, shape of subsidiary-cells, abundance and growing form of prickle-hairs, etc. (2)According to the evolutionary trends of leaf epidermal characteristics of three sections, their evolutionary positions and relationships were inferred. The results show that the sect. Racemosus is the most primitive one among three sections, the sect. Leymus is slightly more advanced than the former, and the sect. Anisopyrum is the most advanced of them. The sect. Racemosus might produce immediately the sect. Leymus, whereas the sect. Anisopyrum might derive immediately form the sect. Leymus. The biosystematic relationships of these three sections are corroborated by the evolutionary trend of external morphology.

Community Characteristics of Alpine Shrub Salix oritrepha

YANG Lu-Cun;ZHONG Ze-Bing;LIU He-Chun;SONG Wen-Zhu;XU Wen-Hua;ZHOU Guo-Ying*;NIE Xue-Min

2013, 33(6): 653-658. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.003

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Salix oritrepha, belonging to the Salix, Salicaceae, is a perennial shrub endemic to China. According to the data of field plot, this paper deals with preliminary characteristics of S.oritrepha shrub communities in source regions of three rivers. The results show that: there are about 97 spermatophyte species, among which there are 30 families and 60 genera in S.oritrepha shrubs. There are 10 species of shrubs and 87 species of herbs. The dominant species is S.oritrepha, and the companions are Potentilla fruticosa, Caragana jubata and Potentillaglabra ect. The temperate floristic elements occupy a dominant position. The main life form of plants is hemicryptophytes (52.59%). The vertical structure is obvious and can be commonly divided into two layers: the shrub stratum and the herb stratum. The species diversity index of the shrub layer was a bit low, and the general trend was herb layer>shrub layer.

Analysis on the Dynamic Relationships between Plant Community Characteristicsand Soil Factors in Western Songnen Saline-alkaline Grassland

PAN Hua;WANG Bo-Wen*

2013, 33(6): 701-708. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.011

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By stepwise regression analysis, the relationships between soil factors and plant community characteristics, such as biomass richness, diversity and evenness, in western Songnen saline-alkaline grassland were studied during May and September. These plant community characteristics were simultaneously influenced by several soil factors, which changed complexly in different months. Soil salt and nutrition factors all influenced plant community biomass from May to July. However, soil salt factors had more relationship with plant community biomass, such as Ca²⁺ content in May, Mg²⁺ content in July. In the whole growth time, direct effects on plant community biomass from soil salt factors were more than those from soil nutrition factors. In June, the number of soil nutrition factors became more, which influenced plant community richness, Simpson index and Shannon index. Among those soil nutrition factors, the effect of content of total N was the largest. In August, plant community biomass, Simpson index and Shannon index were only influenced by soil salt factors, of which the relationships between biomass and soil pH and between Simpson index and soil ESP were both highly significantly negative correlation, the relationship between Shannon index and soil salt content was significantly negative correlation. Plant community evenness during June to September was also influenced by soil salt and nutrition factors, and soil salt factors had more direct effect in June and September. Plant community biomass had no obvious relationship with soil factors in the end of growth time (in September). No obvious relationship either existed between plant community evenness and soil factors in the beginning of growth time (in May).

Anatomical Observation on the Development of Roots and Leaves of Isoetes sinensis

LI Xiao-Xi;TAN Long-Yan;YANG Cheng;LIU Bao-Dong*

2013, 33(6): 666-670. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.005

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Isoetes sinensis Palmer is the first-class national protected wild plants, being evaluated as the most endangered level(CR). It is only distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. It is sensitive to environmental pollution. We continuously observed the development characteristics of root and leaf with the human engineering seedlings as material, using paraffin section method. Leaf primordium section is triangle with end gradually round. Leaf primordium is composed of dermatogen, periblem and plerome. A primary tracheid first appeared in vascular bundle central and two epigenetic tracheids nearly shaft surface on both sides of the primary tracheid consist inverted “V” word of the initial type primary xylem. The mature leaf had differentiated out epidermis and cortex. The epidermis cells have gomphosis. The cortex parts of cells crack into four lacunas which are independently of each other. Root section assumes the circular. The root mature area has differentiated out epidermis, cortex (exodermis, mesothelium, endoderm) vascular bundle. The mesothelium parts of cells crack into a complete tubular lacuna and connectionless with exodermis. The vascular bundle surrounded by endoderm section is triangular in shape. The root and leaf form structure, function and systematics were discussed.

Technique of Accelerating Germination of Physocarpus amurensis Seed

WEI Xiao-Hui;YIN Dong-Sheng;SHEN Hai-Long*

2013, 33(6): 709-712. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.012

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In this paper, the seeds from natural population of Physocarpus amurensis, were used to study the seed viability and ways to accelerate germination. The results showed that the seed vigor, tested by TTC accounted for 94.44%. Seed soaking in fresh water gave low germination percentage and germination potential, the germination percentage was only 28.33% with the best soaking condition (48 h). Treatments of different chemicals improved germination percentages at different degrees, in which 50 mg·L^-1 GA₃+4% KNO₃ mixed medicament treatment for 72 h had the best effect on germination, the germination percentage reached 90%; The germination potential was significantly improved when treated by 100 or 200 mg·L^-1 GA₃ (P<0.01). The germination percentage and germination potential were significantly improved by the treatment of low temperature for 28 d(P<0.05).

Relationship of Anatomical Structures of Akebia quinata and Accumulation Part of Triterpenoid Saponins

WANG Gui-Qin;ZHENG Yu-Hua;LIU Long-Yan

2013, 33(6): 671-675. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.006

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The storing sites and contents of triterpenoid saponins, and anatomical structure of Akebia quinata were studied by means of histochemical localization, light microscope and quantitative analysis. The results showed that the contents of triterpenoid saponins accumulated in vegetative organs are arranged in the order of leaves>roots>stems, which was identical with the results from histochemical examination. As to the same vegetative organ, the content of saponins was varied in different developing stages, and the changing pattern was as follows: old leaves＞young stems＞young roots＞young leaves＞old roots＞old stems. Saponins were stored in a certain part of the vegetative organs separately, with roots in secondary phloem and phelloderm, stems in cortex and secondary phloem, and leaves in palisade tissue. The primary xylem is diarch, and most of the vessel in secondary xylem which are rich in fibers, are pore, a few are pore chain. More phloem fibers are distributed in stem, fiber bundles beyond the primary phloem and fiber ring round secondary phloem. The leaves are bifacial.

Changes of Osmotic Adjustment Substances and Activities of Protective Enzymes in Sedum spurium ‘Coccineum’ Introduced to Xigaze,Tibet

LIU Wei;YUAN Xiao-Ting;ZHANG Yan-Yan;YAN Yong-Qing*

2013, 33(6): 697-700. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.010

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Sedum spurium ‘Coccineum’ has carmine leaves and red flowers, which is an excellent urban greening plant with strong cold and drought tolerance. In order to expand its application range and enrich the greening materials for hostile habitats, S.spurium ‘Coccineum’ was introduced from Harbin to Xigaze, Tibet and grew well. The physiological adaptability of S.spurium ‘Coccineum’ was studied in the present study. The results showed that with the extension of planting time, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in S.spurium ‘Coccineum’ leaves gradually increased, the increment was not significant. Proline content first decreased and then increased. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) all presented the tendency of “first increase then decrease”. It was suggested that S.spurium could adjust its physiological metabolism through increasing the contents of osmotic adjustment substances and enhancing the activities of protective enzymes, hence, adapted the high radiation, drought conditions of Xigaze.

Photosynthesis and Photorotection in Amorphophallus konjac and Amorphophallus xiei Grown at a Light Gradient

HAN Yu;;LIU Shi-Shan;;LIANG Yan-Li;;ZHAO Qing-Yun;LI Jian;XU Wen-Guo;YAN Dui;WU Shi-Bin;YAN Suo;LIU Chun;XIE Shi-Qing;CHEN Jun-Wen;*

2013, 33(6): 676-683. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.007

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To examine photosynthetic characteristics and photoprotection in Amorphophallus konjac K.Coch (AK), which is a shade-tolerant species but can grow under high light, and A.xiei H.Li & Z.L.Dao (AX), which is a shade-demanding species and can not tolerate high light, the photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant enzymes, antioxidant metabolites and photosynthetic pigments were analyzed in these two species grown under 100%, 15%, and 2.0% of full sunlight. Maximum photosynthetic rate (A_max) and stomatal conductance in AK decreased with decreasing light levels (P<0.05); however, A_max in AX reached a maximum value under 15% of full sunlight. In most cases, the activities of SOD, APX, CAT and GR were higher in AK (P<0.05); correspondingly, the activity of POD was higher in AX (P<0.05). Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzyme were higher under high and moderate lights than under low light (P<0.05). Under 15% of full sunlight, the higher contents of glutathione and ascorbic acid were observed in AK. The content of photosynthetic pigments in AX reached a maximum value under 15% of full sunlight and that in AK a minimum value under 2.0% of full sunlight (P<0.05). In addition, the contents of photosynthetic pigments were generally higher in AK than AX under a light gradient (P<0.01). The results obtained here suggest that the tolerance of AK to high light might be related to the high photosynthetic capacity and the efficient photoprotection.

Effects of Soil Microbes on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Elsholtzia splendens under Copper Stress Condition

LI Yue-Ling;JIN Ze-Xin*;GUAN Ming;ZUO Wei;

2013, 33(6): 684-689. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.008

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To determine the effects of soil microbes on the photosynthetic and physiological responses as well as the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Elsholtzia splendens, four soil treatments were analyzed in this experiment: the addition of copper (copper stress); a soil microbes inoculation; addition of copper and soil microbes inoculation; and no additional copper or soil microbes inoculation (CK). The results showed that the net photosynthetic rates (P_n), relative chlorophyll content, and water use efficiency (WUE) of E.splendens inoculated with the soil microbes were higher than those in the CK, and the differences among the various treatments were significant. There was a significant impact on the minimal fluorescence (F_o) and maximal efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry (F_v/F_m). In comparison with CK, the additional copper treatment reduced P_n and stomatal conductance (G_s), but the intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) increased, which was mainly due to a non-stomatal limitation. The addition of copper was found to reduce the relative chlorophyll content, but the soil microbes inoculation could increase it, and the difference between the treatments was significant. Soil microbes inoculated plants had higher F_v/F_m and F_o under copper stress. The P_n, WUE, and G_s of E.splendens inoculated with the soil microbes increased markedly. It was suggested that soil microbes inoculation could alleviate copper stress on E.splendens plants by improving the relative chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves.

Responses of Endogenous Hormones to Drought Stress in the Apoplast of Populus

DENG Shao-Li;JIANG Guo-Bin*;REN Xian;JIN Hua;MA Jin-Long;ZOU Ji-Xiang

2013, 33(6): 690-696. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.009

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The apoplast and plant cells are inextricably linked, yet the response to drought stress within apoplast has rarely been reported. In this paper, the drought stress responses of apoplastic endogenous hormones in tender stems of three poplar species were studied by using MD-HPLC coupled technique. Four kinds of endogenous hormones in the apoplast of tender stems of living poplar which were dialyzed by microdialysis probe, i.e. benzylaminopurine (6-BA), gibberellic acid (GA₃), indole aceticacid (3-IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA), were then simultaneously determined by HPLC. The results show that drought stress has a significant effect on the content of endogenous hormones within the apoplast (P<0.05). As the drought stress was intensified and lasting, the contents of GA-3, 6-BA and 3-IAA obviously decreased while the content of ABA increased significantly (P<0.01), meanwhile the contents of GA₃, 6-BA, 3-IAA and ABA has changed differently among poplar species. This paper has provided a new basis for study on physiological response mechanism to drought stress and it also provides a new method for the dynamically quantitative analysis of the apoplastic endogenous hormone in vivo.

Impact of Exogenous Potassium Levels on the Growth and Alkaloid Accumulations of Catharanthus roseus

GUO Xiao-Rui;CHEN Qi;DUAN Xi-Hua*

2013, 33(6): 718-722. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.014

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Potassium nutrition plays an important role in plant growth and development. The effects of improved potassium levels on alkaloid metabolism and biomass accumulation in Catharanthus roseus under different levels of exogenous potassium were explored in the present study. The results showed that exogenous potassium nutrition significantly increased the plant height, root length, total biomass of C.roseus. The most significant effect was observed at the concentrations of 10 and 15 mmol·L^-1. In addition, improved exogenous potassium nutrition significantly increased indole alkaloid contents. The content of catharanthine was increased with the increase of the potassium nutrition concentration. Vindoline and vinblastine contents were increased first and then reduced, reaching the maximum at 15 mmol·L^-1 and high potassium nutrition concentration was not conducive for the synthesis of them.

Construction and Evaluation of Yeast Two Hybrid cDNA Library of Banana Leaf Infected by BBTV

TAN Lao-Xi;ZHANG Yu-Liang;ZHOU Peng;ZHANG Shao-Yan;WANG Jian-Hua;ZHANG Xiu-Chun;LIU Zhi-Xin*

2013, 33(6): 713-717. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.013

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BBTV is a major limiting factor for banana production. In this report, we presented a BBTV infected banana (family Musaceae) leaf cDNA library constructed by using a kit named Make Your Own “Mate＆Plate^TM” Library System. Total RNA was extracted from BBTV-infected banana leaves by using modified CTAB method. The first stand cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription of mRNA with SMART technique. To generate cDNA library, the cDNA was digested with SfiI and then sub-cloned into SfiI side of pGADT7 vector. The recombinant plasmids were transferred into E.coli via electroporation. The result of the plasmids from amplified cDNA library showed that the library contained 2.0×10⁶ independent clones and the size of most inserts were 700-2 000bp in the library. The recombination rate of library was 87.5%. These results indicated that the library was suitable for screening proteins interacting with BBTV coded protein. It will facilitate the investigation of interaction between BBTV and the host.

Analysis on DNA Methylation-sensitive Amplified Polymorphism in Phyllostachys bambusoides During Flowering and Rejuvenation

SUN Hui-Min;GU Xiao-Ping*;YUAN Jin-Ling;YUE Jin-Jun

2013, 33(6): 723-730. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.015

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To reveal epigenetic changes during flowering and rejuvenation of bamboo, we performed methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) analysis on the genomic DNA of Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. during flowering and asexual rejuvenation. Methylation level in P.bambusoides blades decreased during the flowering stage and then increased gradually after flowering when new bamboo stands were produced via asexual rejuvenation. Compared with non-flowering bamboo stands, 29.09% of methylation sites were mutated during P.bambusoides flowering, with 17.88% of sites completely demethylated in flowering plants, which was much higher than that of the methylation sites (3.61%). The number and ratio of polymorphic sites changing in methylation status occurred in rejuvenated and non-flowering bamboo stands, especially demethylated sites, were lower than those in flowering bamboo stands. Methylation in floral organs was lower than that in blades in flowering P.bambusoides, and 28.58% of sites demonstrated changes in methylation status, mainly in the form of demethylation.

Expression Analysis and Stress Response Detection of the Phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase gene (CaP5P) in Chenopodium album

HE Zhuan-Zhuan;GU Li-Li;LI Xiu-Ming;LAN Hai-Yan*

2013, 33(6): 731-737. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.016

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Plants sense changes in the external environment through a number of signaling pathways, then give rise to a series of signaling cascades, among these, phospholipid signaling pathway plays an important role. We obtained an EST05 sequence from the suppression subtractive library under salt stress in Chenopodium album. The expression changes under different abiotic stresses were analyzed by RT-PCR, the results showed that the expression level of EST05 increased under the abiotic stress. Then, the ORF sequence was obtained by 3′- and 5′-RACE method. Sequence analysis showed that it is highly homologous with the phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase gene in Ricinus communis, which was then named as CaP5P. Finally, CaP5P was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to verify its function. Transgenic Arabidopsis showed reduced tolerance to salt stress in seed germination and seedling growth, suggesting that CaP5P performed as a negative regulatory factor under stress. The preliminary result is expected to provide the reference for negative regulation component in phospholipid signaling pathway.

Establishment of Callus Induction and Regeneration System of Jiangxi Yanshan Red Bud Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott var. cormosus CV.Hongyayu) Virus-Free Plantlet Corms

HONG Sen-Rong;YIN Ming-Hua*;WANG Ai-Ping

2013, 33(6): 738-745. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.017

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The effects of different factors on callus induction and its regeneration system were studied by using Jiangxi Yanshan red bud taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott var. cormosus CV. Hongyayu) virus-free plantlet corms as test materials. The results showed: the best culture medium of callus induction of red bud taro virus-free plantlet corms was MS+TDZ 2 mg·L^-1+2,4-D 1 mg·L^-1; The best culture medium of callus differentiation of red bud taro virus-free plantlet corms was MS+TDZ 2 mg·L^-1+NAA 1 mg·L^-1; The best rooting medium of red bud taro virus-free plantlet adventitious buds was 1/2MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1+PP₃₃₃ 0.1 mg·L^-1. The best transplanting matrix of plantlets regenerated from red bud taro virus-free plantlet corm calli was rotted sawdust after fermentation; The best PP₃₃₃ concentration of plantlets regenerated from red bud taro virus-free plantlet corm calli for transplanting was 20-50 mg·L^-1. The regeneration system from red bud taro virus-free plantlet corms was successfully established, which establishs foundation for transgenic technology and germplasm innovation of Jiangxi Yanshan red bud taro virus-free plantlets.

Establishment and Optimization of ISSR-PCR Reaction System for Calanthe tsoongiana

QIAN Xin;LIAN Jing-Jing;LIU Fen;NIU Xiao-Ling;WANG Cai-Xia;TIAN Min*

2013, 33(6): 746-751. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.018

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Orthogonal design was used to optimize ISSR-PCR amplification system of Calanthe tsoongiana in five factors (Mg²⁺, dNTP, primer, DNA template and Taq DNA polymerase) at four levels, respectively. The results showed that the suitable ISSR-PCR system was performed in a 25 μL volume containing 3.0 mmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺, 0.3 mmol·L^-1 dNTP, 0.4 μmol·L^-1 primer, 2.5 ng·μL^-1 DNA template, 0.08 U·μL^-1 Taq DNA polymerase and 1×PCR buffer. The optimized augmentation procedure was predenaturation at 94℃ for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of 94℃ for 1 min, annealing at suitable temperature for different primers for 1 min, 72℃ for 1 min, extension at 72℃ for 10 min, and preservation at 12℃. This optimized ISSR-PCR system would play an important role in further research of molecular systematics and genetic diversity in C.tsoongiana.

Research Progress on Florigen in Plants

WANG Bao-Zeng

2013, 33(6): 752-757. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.019

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The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is controlled by day length in many plant species. Day length is perceived in leaves and induces florigen, which moves through the phloem to the shoot apex. At the shoot apical meristem (SAM), florigen causes changes in gene expression and promotes flowering. FT protein plays a key role in the transition. This paper provided an overview of the structural and biochemical features of florigen according to recent studies.

Taxonomic Revision and Phylogenetics on the Genus Macromitrium in the World:History,Current Status and Problems

LI Dan-Dan;YU Jing;GUO Shui-Liang*;HE Si

2013, 33(6): 758-765. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.020

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The genus Macromitrium is one of the most taxonomically difficult genera in bryophytes. Until now 946 specific names have been reported in Macromitrium, of which 351 have been accepted. The species of Macromitrium in many countries and areas have been taxonomically reviewed, which included the Central America, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Southern Africa, whereas those in the South America, Central Africa and Madagascarare still poorly understood and are in urgent need of taxonomic revision. Although there are many views and controversies on the classification of Macromitrium, there is not yet a preliminary and widely recognized classification system of the genus Macromitrium. Macromitrium is rich in species and has a worldwide distribution, so we need an international cooperation to conduct a comprehensive taxonomic revision and systematics study on the genus Macromitrium in the world.

Analysis of Primary Physicochemical Properties of Three Kinds of Lignin

GE Yun-Long;ZHAO Xiu-Hua;ZU Yuan-Gang*;LI Wen-Gang;LI Yong;SUN Xiao-Li

2013, 33(6): 766-769. doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2013.06.021

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The preparation methods of lignin, alkali lignin and ammonium lignin were introduced in this research and the above three kinds of lignins were characterized by physicochemical properties including specific gravity detection, sodium detection, X-ray diffraction detetion, thermogravimetric detection and solubility test. The results indicated that ammonium lignin did not contain metallic sodium and had excellent water-solubility as well. That is to say ammonium lignin settled the problem of poor solubility of pure lignin in water. Meanwhile, it also overcame the damages to diesel burner cylinder after emulsification of alkali lignin and diesel and succeeded in avoiding the risk of carbon deposit owing to long term usage. Therefore, the conclusion could be obtained that ammonium lignin was more suitable to be mixed up through emulsification with diesel, to be an additive of traditional fossil energy compared with lignin and alkali lignin. Ammonium lignin supplies a potential way for the comprehensive utilization of biomass wastes and the development of alternative energy.

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