ON THE FLORISTICS OF ARTEMISIA L.IN THE WORLD
Ling Yeou-ruenn
1995, 15(1):
1-37.
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The paper presents summarily:1. On the phylogeny of Artemisia L. and its species-generic geography in theworld.Author divided the genus into:Subgen. a. Artemisia. incl, Sect. 1). AbSintkiumDC., Sect. 2). Abrotanum Bess., Sect. 3). Artemisia, Sect. 4). Viscidipubes Y.R. Ling and Sect. 5). Albibractea Y. R. Ling;Subgen. b. Dracuneulus (Bess.)Peterm., incl. Sect. 6). Dracunculus Y. R. Ling, Sect. 7). Intilobus Y. R. Lingand Sect. 8. Turaniphytum (Pci jab.) Y. R. Ling, and Subgen. c. Artanacctum(Rzazad.) Y. R. Ling L. Jiang, incl. Sect. 9. Artanacetum (Rzazad.) Pci jab.in the world., and author also discussed, in the genus Sect. Asbinthium DC. isthe most primitive one, in which the ancestor should be derived from pro-Artemisia. i. e. Matricaria-form species, in Trib. Anthcmideae from speciationcentre of N. Asia in Upper Oligocene or Lowers Eocene of Tertiary Era. Nowmost species of the section distribute mainly in subholarctic and temperate areas inN. Hemisphere. Sect. Abrotanum Bess. is more primitive, but also active one, from that ancestor many ancestors of other sections of the genus were derived.Now most species of it are mainly in temperate and subtropical areas, and a fewto N. subholartic or tropical area or even to S. Hemisphere. Sect. Artemisia is adeveloped section with the most amounts of species and world-wide distributionof the genus. Both Sect. Viscidipubcs Y. R. Ling and Sect. Albibractea Y. R.Ling are more specialized and more advanced sections in Asia. But most species ofthe former distribute mainly in Hengduang-Himalayan Mis. of China. only a fewspecies extendly distribute in E. and S. Asia, and the latter is the distribution atlower altitudes in S. and S.-E. Asia. Sect. Dracunculus Bess., Sect. LatilobusY. R. Ling and Sect. Turaniphytlim (Pci jab.) Y. R. Ling are much moreadvanced. But Sect. Dracunculus Bess. is distributed in droughty or semidroughtyareas Df N. hemisphere and N. Africa. Sect. Turaniphytum (Pci jab.) Y. R. Lingis only in C. W. Asia. and Sect. Latilobus Y. R. Ling is in temperate andsubtropical, but humid areas in N. hemisphere. Besides, the species of Sect.Artanacctum (Rzazad.) Pcljak. distribute in N.-E. Asia, or discontinuouslydistribute in N.-E. Asia and N.-W. W. of N. America.The opinions are based on the researches of Species-generic Morphology, Geography, Palaeontology and also supplemented by the Cladistic Analysis and theChemotaxonomy on the constituents from essential oils of the genus. In addition, those also get support from the researches of chromosomes and pollen grains.2. On. the historic and floristic geographies of Art6misia L. in the world.Author provided that after the ancestor of the genus was derived in N. Asia, it got a good development in Oligocene or Lower Tertiary and Quaternary Eras, and the present geographical distribution of the primitive species of the genus wasaccompanied by the speices migration during the ErAs. especially by the advancingPolar Ice age cap. At that time.the ancestral and primitive species of the genusimmigrated, perhaps, from the speciation centre along the following three importantroutes to everywhere. The lst one is the western route, where the species migratedfrom speciation centre to Europe and gradually trended towards E. of N.America but a part of the species is via S. Europe to N. N.-W. Africa, asin Artemisia absinthium L. and A. biennis Willd. The 2nd is the eastern route, in itthe ancestral and primitive species migrated throughout Siberia, N.-E. Asia andentered W. of N. America, as in A. frigida Willd. and A. campestris L. etc. InIce Age some of the species also eXtended towards Central or even to S.America, as in A. douglasiana Bess. The southern route is the 3rd one, in whichthe species were spreaded to Central and Eastern Asia first, later towards S. andS.-E. Asia. In the southern migration it have made important, so-called 'threeoblique mass distributional zones' in China, except a few wide-distributionalspecies. The 1st zone is located at the west area of the line from W. Hsingan Mts. running obliquely through E. Qingling Mts. to E. Hengduang Mts. Most species of Sect. Absinthium DC. and Sect. Abrotanum Bess, are in the area;the 2nd one is at the east area of the line from W. Hsingan Mts., via central-west of China, but into W. Hengduang and C. Himalayan Mts. Most species of Sect. Artemisia and Sect. Latilobus Y. R. Ling distribute there,. but most species of Sect. Viscidipubes Y. R. Ling are in the south-west, only a few towards the east, south-east and south of the zone in China, and the species of Sect. Albibractea Y. R. Ling are in the east, south-east and south of the zone;the 3rd one is at the west area of the line from W. Hsingan Mts., throughout obliquely N. China to W. Kunlun Mts. It reflects the distributions of most species of Sect. Dracunculus Bess. Also a few species from southern route ran into S. Asia or via W. Asia and Arab Peninsula into N.-E., then to E. & S. Africa. Besides, a few early escaped species from Asia ran into Pacific Islands and developed solitarily by the geographical isolation later. As the result of above mentioned, although there are 349 species and 69 varieties in the world, the present distributional centre of the genus is in Eurasia and N. America, where there are 319 species, 67 varieties, and the distributional mass centre of it should be between the area of S., S.-W. & S.-E. Russia, Kazakhstan and-W. & N.-E. China, because there are about 248 species of 6 million km2. Besides, there was a refuge of the genus in Ice Age and also were the secondary speciation and diversified centres, as well as are the second distributional mass centre in Hengduang-Himalayan Mts., where many secondary regional endemic species had been developed during or after the Ice Age. Now there distribute 118 species and 64 varieties, including, many endemic and a few survival species, in the area of 750 thousand km2.With exception of above mentioned, many vicarious species are easily found from the north to the south in above zones by the species developed in the migration. In Sect. Artemisia and Sect. Latilobus Y. R. Ling, those usually distribute continuously or overlappedly, but in other sections those are mainly isolated-form or platform and jumpy distributions.Now author divides the districts of the floristic geography of Artemisia L. into 5 kingdoms encompassing 21 subkingdoms and 42 regions in the world according to the researches of the species-generic and historic geographies for the genus. The districts and distributed reprensentations of Artemisia L. see the 3rd Chapter of the paper.
