Temperature stress is a key factor limiting the distribution and growth of Cinnamomum camphora， with fundamentally distinct response mechanisms to high and low temperatures. This review systematically compared the core strategies employed by C. camphora under the two stresses. Under high-temperature stress， the photosynthetic system undergoes metabolic dissipation via enhanced photorespiration； redox regulation is driven by a monoterpene-mediated WRKY-HSF signaling network； and proline exhibits the most rapid response in osmotic adjustment. In contrast， under low-temperature stress， the photosynthetic system depends on non-photochemical quenching and cyclic electron flow for physical protection； molecular regulation is centered on the Ca²⁺-ethylene-ERF/CBF cascade； and soluble sugar accumulation dominates osmotic adjustment. Based on these mechanisms， this review evaluated the effectiveness of current regulatory strategies from three dimensions（physical， chemical， and biotechnological approaches） and identified existing bottlenecks in elucidating monoterpene signaling pathways， deciphering combined stress mechanisms， and development of precise regulation technologies. Future research should focus on integration of multi-omics data to resolve molecular networks， construction of predictive models for combined stresses， breakthroughs in genetic transformation systems， and assessment of the ecological and economic feasibility of regulatory strategies. These advances will facilitate the shift of stress-resilient cultivation of C. camphora from passive protection to active， mechanism-driven precise regulation.
When confronted with complex soil environments such as drought， salinity， and nutrient imbalance， terrestrial plant roots have to achieve a dynamic trade-off between efficient acquisition of water and nutrients， effective blockage of solute leakage， and selective exclusion of harmful ions. The endodermis， a key structural layer in the roots of vascular plants， forms a continuous apoplastic barrier through the Casparian strip and suberin lamellae， thereby maintaining ionic and water homeostasis at the physiological level by regulating radial transport pathways. This review synthesized current knowledge on the biosynthesis， deposition， and structural characteristics of the Casparian strip and suberin lamellae. It further discussed their plasticity under the coordinated regulation of the MYB36 pathway and the Schengen surveillance pathway. Recent advances in understanding the roles of these barrier structures in maintaining mineral nutrient homeostasis， enhancing stress resistance， and mediating rhizosphere interactions were examined. Finally， future research directions were proposed from the perspectives of evolutionary adaptation and crop improvement. This review provided novel insights for a deeper understanding of the adaptive evolution of plant roots and stress-resistant breeding.
The STAY-GREEN（SGR） gene family is a key regulator of chlorophyll degradation and leaf senescence in plants. This study， through systematic phylogenetic analysis， demonstrated that the SGR gene family can be divided into two functionally divergent subfamilies， SGR and SGRL. The number of family members varied among species， yet the protein structure was highly conserved. Functional studies revealed that SGR not only played a central role in plant growth and development by regulating chlorophyll degradation but also extensively participated in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses， often in a gene-specific manner. At the molecular level， SGR gene served as a hub integrating multiple hormone signals， including abscisic acid， ethylene， and jasmonic acid， and coordinated chlorophyll degradation and stress responses by modulating the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species and phenylpropane metabolism pathways. This article reviewed the complex regulatory network mediated by SGR gene， providing important theoretical foundations and research directions for elucidating its molecular mechanisms and for targeted improvement of crop stress resistance and agricultural product quality using gene-editing technologies.
Plant adventitious root regeneration is a self-repair or replacement process of damaged structures by the plant body， usually occurring during tissue culture or cutting. During the cutting process， wound stimulation triggers a series of responses and signal transduction that regulates downstream factors， thereby inducing adventitious root formation. Plant hormones play a crucial regulatory role in the process of adventitious root formation. However， the survival rate of cuttings from certain woody plants is relatively low， and the molecular mechanisms by which plant hormones regulate the regeneration of adventitious roots remain unclear. This article reviewed the basic process of adventitious root regeneration in plant cuttings， explored the rules of wound activation signal transduction， and summarized the regulatory molecular mechanisms of hormones， transcription factors， and gene families involved in adventitious root development. It provided a reference for the study of the regeneration mechanism of woody plant cuttings.
Astragalus membranaceus and A. membranaceus var. mongholicus are the source species of the bulk medicinal herb Astragali Radix（Huangqi）， and they serve as strategic resources for global natural medicines and functional foods. Research on seed dormancy and germination in the two taxa is crucial for ensuring the authenticity of medicinal materials and industrial sustainability. This article systematically reviewed studies published since 1975 on their seeds， aiming to clarify the commonalities and differences in the seed dormancy and germination between the two Astragalus taxa. Seeds of the two Astragalus taxa exhibited combinational dormancy（physical dormancy+physiological dormancy）， whose dormancy characteristics were collectively determined by the physical barrier formed by the dense seed coat， the inhibitory effect of endogenous inhibitors， and the physiological dormancy mediated by the abscisic acid（ABA）/gibberellic acid（GA） signaling pathway. The interspecific heterogeneity in dormancy and germination of the two Astragalus seeds represented an adaptive strategy for niche differentiation. Based on these traits， targeted dormancy-breaking techniques have been developed， including physical， chemical， microbial， and priming treatments. Additionally， seed germination of the two Astragalus taxa in response to environmental factors（temperature， water， and salinity-alkalinity） also showed significant inter-taxonomic heterogeneity. Despite sharing the “GA intermediate pre-storage” trait， the two Astragalus taxa had divergent molecular regulatory strategies for dormancy and germination. Current research on seed dormancy and germination of the two Astragalus taxa has advanced from empirical exploration to mechanism-driven investigation； however， bottlenecks remain， such as incomplete elucidation of molecular mechanisms and insufficient understanding of microbe-seed interactions. Future studies should integrate multi-omics and gene editing technologies to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying dormancy and germination， and establish taxon-specific precision regulation protocols. This review will provide robust support for the sustainable development of the Astragali Radix industry and the advancement of theories related to seed dormancy and germination.
To systematically understand the current research status of Sesbania in China and abroad， this paper utilized bibliometric tools such as Citespace， VOSviewer， and HistCite to systematically analyze the relevant papers from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI） search platform（1958—2024） and the Web of Science Core Collection database（1928—2024）. Results indicated： （1）Global annual publication output on Sesbania research has shown an increasing trend， with Chinese contributions significantly increasing from 2016 to 2024. Both Chinese and English studies concentrated on the fields related to agricultural science， with key journals including Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China， Weed Technology and Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences， etc. Cui Yuanchen and Holsters M were the top contributors in Chinese and English publications， respectively. （2）The co-occurrence network of Sesbania keywords were mainly classified into five categories： symbiotic nitrogen fixation， agricultural green manure， livestock feeding， biological control， and sesbania gum. （3）Recent studies have increasingly focused on gene-level mechanisms in symbiotic nitrogen fixation， expanding the host range of rhizobia for nitrogen fixation of non-legumes has become one of the research hotspots. In saline-alkali soil remediation applications， microbial-mediated strategies to enhance salt tolerance for Sesbania have gained attention. Although there are more research papers published abroad in livestock feeding and biological control， China has achieved significant advancements in genetic transformation technologies for forage crops like Sesbania， with establishing corresponding gene-editing systems. Recent advances in sesbania gum research primarily focused on improving the modification processes to enhance its performance and application scope.
The inositol phosphate kinase family plays a central role in eukaryotic signaling and metabolic regulation， and critical functions in plant growth， development， and environmental adaptation. This family includes members such as inositol polyphosphate kinase（IPK2）， inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase（IPK1）， inositol 1，3，4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase（ITPK）， and diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinase（VIH）， which collaboratively catalyze the synthesis of inositol hexakisphosphate（InsP6） and its derivatives to establish complex phosphorylation networks. This paper systematically reviewed the classification characteristics， metabolic pathways， and biological functions of inositol phosphate kinases in plants， with a specific focus on their central roles in mediating phytic acid biosynthesis， phosphorus signaling， and stress responses. Significant progress has been made in elucidating metabolic pathways and identifying the functions of key signaling molecules. However， substantial knowledge gaps remained regarding the regulatory mechanisms of kinase substrate selectivity and the molecular basis of signaling networks. Additionally， there was a lack of highly sensitive in situ detection techniques for dynamically tracing the distribution of inositol pyrophosphates. In terms of applications， manipulating inositol phosphate metabolism showed potential for improving seed phytic acid content and phosphorus utilization efficiency， yet achieving precise regulation remained a current bottleneck. Future research should integrate cutting-edge technologies such as multi-omics， structural biology， and synthetic biology to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms. This will provide theoretical support for developing crop varieties with high yield， stress resilience， and enhanced phosphorus use efficiency， thereby contributing to agricultural sustainability and ecological conservation， and offering new theoretical foundations and practical breeding strategies to address global food security challenges.
The process of plant nitrogen（N） uptake from soil and its multidimensional strategies significantly influence the biodiversity and carbon sequestration functions of ecosystems. This paper systematically reviewed the development of N nutrition theories in plants， introducing mineral nutrition theory and mineral-organic nutrition theory. It focused on the multidimensional strategies that plants use to absorb soil N， covering four main aspects： （1）multiform N absorption， which includes both inorganic N（e.g. ammonium and nitrate） and a range of low molecular weight organic N forms such as amino acids， amino sugars， and oligopeptides； （2）seasonal variation in N absorption， in which plants exhibit significant seasonal variations in both the magnitude and patterns of uptake of various forms of soil N， and different species may display distinct differences in uptake patterns； （3） stratified soil layer absorption， in which the root system configuration and the variation of available soil N across soil vertical profiles influence plant absorption of N amounts and N forms at different soil depths； （4）symbiotic absorption differentiation， in which nitrogen-fixing bacteria， mycorrhizal fungi， and dark-septate endophytic fungi promote N uptake by plants and， to some extent， affect the plant’s acquisition of different N forms. It was concluded that the multidimensional strategies of plant N uptake provide a basis for plant coexistence and niche differentiation in ecosystems， playing a key role in mitigating inter-plant competition， reducing N loss， and improving N use efficiency in ecosystems. However， research on plant N uptake strategies remains insufficient， with several key scientific issues yet to be resolved， such as the in-situ availability and dynamics of soil N， the turnover differences of various available N forms in soil， the molecular biological mechanisms of plant N uptake strategies， and the contributions of different available N forms to plant N nutrition.
