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    Infraspecific taxa of Paris fargesii Franch.
    Zixuan REN, Ling ZHAO, Jiawen ZHAO, Qinghe WANG, Hongxiang YIN
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 505-519.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.004
    Abstract1858)   HTML12)    PDF(pc) (7354KB)(1800)       Save

    In order to explore the taxonomic composition of Paris fargesii Franch., the morphological characteristics, phenological period, phytochemistry, molecular biology and geographical distribution of P. fargesii Franch. were compared and analyzed respectively. The results showed that there were five taxa, including P. fargesii var. fargesii, P. fargesii var. latipetala, P. fargesii var. brevipetalata, P. fargesii var. macrosepala and the black patch population. All of them differed in morphology, phenological period, steroidal saponins composition and ITS sequence, and had their own geographical distribution range. The phenological period and chemical composition of P. fargesii var. petiolata were closer to P. delavayi, and clustered into one branch in the ITS phylogenetic tree, and there was a transitional group between them. Therefore, P. fargesii var. petiolata should be removed from P. fargesiias a variety of P. delavayi, which scientific name was P. delavayi var. petiolata. It was speculated that the infraspecific evolution order of P. fargesii was P. fargesii var. brevipetalataP. fargesii var. latipetalaP. fargesii var. fargesiiP. fargesii var. macrosepala, black patch population.

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    Exogenous Sucrose Affected AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 to Regulate Root Growth of Seedling in Arabidopsis thaliana
    Sheng ZHENG, Haixia GAO, Min SU, Shanghuan LU, Tengguo ZHANG, Guofan WU
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 562-571.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.009
    Abstract317)   HTML11)    PDF(pc) (5300KB)(1694)       Save

    To explore the function roles of K+-efflux-antiporters KEA1 and KEA2 in Arabidopsis thaliana, wild type and kea1kea2 knock-down mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana were used as materials to investigate the effects of KEA1 and KEA2 on plant growth and development. Phenotypic analysis, propidium iodide staining to observe the structure of roots, high performance liquid chromatography to determine endogenous sugar content, transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR to analyze the relative expression levels of related genes, histochemical staining to detect the distribution of superoxide anion in leaves were performed respectively. The results showed that the root length of the kea1kea2 mutant was significantly shorter than that of the wild-type Col-0 plant in the absence of sucrose. Further observation showed that compared with the wild-type, the root meristem zone of kea1kea2 mutant was shorter, the endogenous sucrose content was decreased, and more O2·- was distributed in the leaves of the kea1kea2 mutant. However,when 30 g·L-1 sucrose was exogenously added, there was no significant difference in root length between the wild-type and kea1kea2 mutant. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of many key genes involved in sucrose signals and root growth were repressed in the kea1kea2 mutant. In summary, the results suggested that sucrose might affect AtKEA1and AtKEA2 to regulate root growth in Arabidopsis seedlings.

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    Moss New Records in China from Gongga Mt., Sichuan
    Qinghua WANG, Qiang HE, Lian LUO, Gaowa NAREN, Zhaoqin YI, Xiaoao ZHENG, Yong JIANG, Yu JIA
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 498-504.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.003
    Abstract1835)   HTML17)    PDF(pc) (2719KB)(1598)       Save

    Three moss species, including Ctenidium malacodesUlota crispula and Ulota intermedia, were reported as new records and collected from Gongga Mt. in Sichuan, and all specimens were deposited in the Herbarium, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences(PE). We provided detailed morphological descriptions and photos and discuss their main differences from neighboring species. The bryophyte diversity in Gongga Mt. area is very high, which is worthy of further investigation and research.

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    Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Polysaccharides from Schisandra chinensis and the Effects on Anti-Oxidative Stress in Cells
    Hanlin ZHU, Heng ZHAO, Bowen ZHAI, Maoyu ZHANG, Yujie FU
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 631-640.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.016
    Abstract1854)   HTML13)    PDF(pc) (3235KB)(1595)       Save

    The polysaccharides of Schisandra chinensis were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted cellulase enzymolysis from the dried fruit of S. chinensis as raw material, and the extraction process and anti-oxidative stress activity of S. chinensis polysaccharides were studied. Using polysaccharide yield as index, single factor experiment and Box-Behnken response surface test were used to investigate the effects of enzyme concentration, ultrasonic power, extraction time and solid-liquid ratio on polysaccharide yield of S. chinensis, and the ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction process was optimized. A lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced oxidative stress damage model of HepG2 cells was established, and the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and reactive oxygen species(ROS) were used as indicators, and the anti-oxidative stress ability of S. chinensis polysaccharides was investigated. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions as followed: the enzyme concentration was 1 420 U·g-1, the ultrasonic power was 500 W, the extraction time was 46 min, the solid-liquid ratio was 1 g∶32 mL. Under these conditions, the yield of polysaccharides was 22.25%. Moreover, the extracted S. chinensis polysaccharides might improve the SOD level in the LPS-induced HepG2 cells, but reduce the MDA accumulation and ROS fluorescence intensity in the cells, and effectively relieve the LPS-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The extraction conditions of polysaccharides from S. chinensis were optimized, and it was found that the extracted polysaccharides had good antioxidant stress ability.

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    Verification of Scientific Name of Stauranthera grandifolia Benth.
    Zhangjie HUANG, Peiliang LIU
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 493-497.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.002
    Abstract1844)   HTML20)    PDF(pc) (2840KB)(1474)       Save

    The correct scientific name is the only international name of a species, which could reduce ambiguity in communication, but it would cause confusion in research and production if it is used incorrectly. As a hotspot plant Family, there were some problems of changes in scientific names in Gesneriaceae. Since the publication of Stauranthera grandifolia Benth., different forms of the epithet, grandifolia and grandiflora, were used in various literatures. By checking related literatures, this paper confirms that the correct epithet should be grandifolia according to the Articles of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants.

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    The Function of Salt and Alkaline Tolerance of WRKY42 Gene in Amorpha fruticosa
    Yu SUN, Yiteng ZHANG, Huihui CHENG
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 612-621.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.014
    Abstract1985)   HTML11)    PDF(pc) (3957KB)(1467)       Save

    To investigate the role of WRKY transcription factors(TFs) in sensing saline-alkali stress signals and maintaining their tolerance function through physiological and biochemical regulatory pathways, and the WRKY42 gene of Amorpha fruticosa was cloned and the expression pattern in response to salt(NaCl) and alkali(NaHCO3) stress and tissue organs was analyzed, and the salinity tolerance function was also studied its by overexpression in tobacco. In this study, the AfWRKY42 gene was cloned based on transcriptome sequencing data of A. fruticosa L. under stress. Bioinformatics analysis showed that AfWRKY42 contained a WRKY structural domain, two low-complexity regions and a helix region. Phylogenetic tree analysis of amino acids revealed that AfWRKY42 was most closely related to WRKY47 of Cajanus cajan and WRKY42 of Mucuna pruriens. The localization of AfWRKY42 protein in mesophyll protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana was confirmed in nucleus by a transient gene expression system. Quantitative analysis of AfWRKY42 gene showed the highest expression in the shoot epidermis of Sophora japonica. Detection of expression patterns in roots and leaves treated with NaCl and NaHCO3 showed an overall increasing trend induced by it, suggesting that overall stress induced an increase in AfWRKY42 gene expression, and AfWRKY42 gene was associated with the regulation of salinity tolerance in plants. Analysis of salinity tolerance in 35S-initiated overexpressing T3 generation of tobacco lines transgenic for AfWRKY42 gene showed that the transgenic tobacco lines showed increased resistance after salinity stress treatment, it had higher chlorophyll and electrical conductivity and significantly lower malondialdehyde content than the wild type, indicating that AfWRKY42 played an important regulatory role in response to salinity stress. It would provide a WRKY transcription factor candidate gene for salinity resistance breeding and lay the foundation for improving the resistance of A. fruticosa and other plants.

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    Selection of Suitable Mosses for Bare Rock and Steep Slope Greening after Jiuzhaigou Earthquake Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process
    Hongxia XIA, Lilan LIU, Xuping ZHOU, Ke CHEN, Ying LI, Peigang KUANG, Geng SUN, Yanbao LEI
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 540-549.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.007
    Abstract2683)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (1411KB)(1419)       Save

    In order to promote the rapid greening of the steep bare rock slopes in the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve after the earthquake, and accelerate the ecological restoration process of the landscape, based on references and field investigations, 30 common native mosses in the region were selected, and an evaluation index system of 18 items was constructed based on six aspects including resistance ability, availability, ecological function, reproductive ability, biomass accumulation, and aesthetic appeal, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). The results indicated that: according to the comprehensive evaluation score, the mosses were divided into four grades. Finally, five species, Racomitrium japonicumHypnum plumaeformeEurohypnum leptothollumPlagiomnium ellipticum and Brachythecium rutabulum were selected. The results should provide an objective guidance for future ecological restoration without soil in Jiuzhaigou and its surrounding cold fragile ecosystem area.

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    Effects of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Antioxidant System and Gene Expression of Davidia involucrata Seedlings under Salt Stress
    Lei XU, Xiao XU, Qinsong LIU
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 572-581.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.010
    Abstract333)   HTML11)    PDF(pc) (1200KB)(1417)       Save

    To explore the effects of exogenous salicylic acid(SA)added on plants, the physiological indices including membrane lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activities, and antioxidant contents as well as gene expression in the leaves of Davidia involucrata seedlings under salt stress were investigated respectively. The results revealed that, under salt stress, the application of SA significantly reduced the relative electrolyte leakage, and inhibited the accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA)and ROS, and increased the relative water content, activities of antioxidant enzymes(i.e., SOD, POD, and APX), and glutathione(GSH)contents. Moreover, treatment with SA resulted in differential expression of 2 581 genes(1 516 up-regulated and 1 065 down-regulated) under salt stress. KEGG analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were enriched in nine pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. In addition, transcriptome sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)results showed that exogenous SA significantly induced the expression of transcription factor genes including DiWRKY40DiNAC25DiMYB4, and DiMYB86 under salt stress. These results suggested that exogenous SA might stimulate stress responses in salt-treated D. involucrata seedlings and trigger variation in gene expression, resulting in alleviation of salt injury in D. involucrata seedlings.

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    Cloning and Functional Analysis of Deubiquitinating Enzyme Gene UCHs from Hevea brasiliensis
    Mingyue YUAN, Tianzhong ZHOU, Ma YU, Bin HU, Xiangyu LONG, Hua CHEN
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 622-630.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.015
    Abstract1838)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (1813KB)(1073)       Save

    To investigate the potential function of ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolases(UCHs) in the ubiquitination process of laticiferous of Hevea brasiliensis, the full-length sequences of two UCHs family members(HbUCH-L3 and HbUCH-L5) were isolated from Hevea brasiliensis, and both had typical UCHs domains. The open reading frame of HbUCH-L3 and HbUCH-L5 were 993 bp and 558 bp, and encoded 330 and 185 amino acids, respectively. The results of qRT-PCR showed that HbUCH-L3 and HbUCH-L5 were constitutively expressed in all tissues, but was low in latex. In vitro ubiquitination substrates cleavage of recombinant HbUCHs showed that both HbUCH-L3 and HbUCH-L5 had the function of hydrolyzing ubiquitin. HbUCHs significantly reduced the overall ubiquitination level of C-serum proteins; while, the deubiquitinating activity of HbUCH-L3 was higher than that of HbUCH-L5. Therefore, it was speculated that UCHs played a role in maintaining the dynamic balance of laticiferous ubiquitination and thus played a specific biological function, but the exact mechanism was still unclear.

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    Cloning and Functional Analysis of EgrWAT1 Gene in Eucalyptus grandis
    Haonan ZHANG, Shanshan CHEN, Jianmin XU, Ping LUO, Xiaoping WANG, Zhiru XU, Chunjie FAN
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 601-611.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.013
    Abstract1528)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (2728KB)(385)       Save

    In order to explore the role of WALLS ARE THIN(WAT1) in wood formation and response to stress in woody plants, bioinformatics tools was used for analysis, and quantitative Real-time PCR(qRT-PCR) was used to investigate the expression patterns of EgrWAT1L and EgrWAT1S in different tissues, internodes and in response to different stresses, and the gene EgrWAT1S and its other transcript EgrWAT1L were cloned from Eucalyptus grandis. The results showed that the EgrWAT1S was highly expressed in phloem, while EgrWAT1L was mainly expressed in roots, and the expression patterns were significantly different under methyl jasmonate(MeJA) and salicylic acid(SA) treatment, salt stress, phosphorus(P) and boron(B) deficiency, and even opposite under MeJA and SA. These results suggested that EgrWAT1L might affect EgrWAT1S expression through transcriptional regulation and further protein translation in response to hormone and stress treatments. The studies provided a basis for further elucidate the function in the growth and development of EgrWAT1 gene and also provided a possibility for future molecular breeding of Eucalyptus.

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    Research Progress on the Regulatory Mechanism of Plant Root Hair Development
    Yuping QIU, Yichuan WANG, Hongwei GUO
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (3): 321-332.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.03.001
    Abstract1443)   HTML38)    PDF(pc) (2312KB)(376)       Save

    Root hairs are tubular extensions of plant root epidermal cells that play vital roles in soil fixation, water and inorganic salts absorption, and information exchange between plant roots and outside world. The developmental processes of root hair are highly plastic and might easily be affected by various plant hormones and environmental factors. Due to the structural and functional characteristics of root hair, it is often used as model to study apical growth and fate determination of plant cells. Therefore, the regulatory mechanism of root hair development has been a hot topic in the field of botany. The review summarized the research progress in the field of root hair development in the past two decades.

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    The Chloroplast Division Protein PARC6 Affected the Growth of Cotyledon and Leaf in Arabidopsis thaliana
    Zhuanzhuan JIANG, Li GONG, Yaling SONG
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (5): 700-710.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.05.007
    Abstract74)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (5572KB)(291)       Save

    Abnormal chloroplast division homozygous mutant strain parc6 and albinistic cotyledon homozygous mutant strain sco2 were identified at the DNA, RNA and cellular levels, while the effects of chloroplast abnormal division on the growth of cotyledon and leaf were investigated by adding different concentrations of sucrose to the medium and taking sl2, the double mutant with leaf abnormal division and cotyledon albino as the control. The results showed that the cotyledon of sco2 mutant was albino, while the leaf grew normally. Meanwhile, the cotyledon growth and viability of the parc6 mutant were significantly lower than the wild-type, which was equivalent to the sco2 mutant, however, the double mutant sl2 with cotyledon albinism and leaf abnormal division was severely hindered. The leaf growth and viability of the parc6 mutant were also significantly lower than that of the wild type, but recovered compared to the cotyledon. The inhibited cotyledon growth phenotype of the parc6 mutant and sco2 mutant could be confirmed by the addition of carbon source to the medium, but chloroplast fluorescence parameters of sco2 were different from the wild type. The results of BN-PAGE combined with SDS-PAGE showed that the high-level structure of the photosystem of the cotyledon and leaf were normal, indicating that chloroplasts of parc6 failed to produce enough energy to affect the growth of cotyledon and leaf. The phylogenetic analysis showed that PARC6 and SCO2 coevolved, suggesting a connection between cotyledon development and chloroplast division. Our results indicated that chloroplast size was closely related to plant growth, especially the development of cotyledon, which provided a new perspective for revealing chloroplast function.

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    Application Progress of RNA-Seq Technology in Rare and Endangered Plants
    Xinyu NI, Junying HE, Mengjiao YAN, Chao DU
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 481-492.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.001
    Abstract1265)   HTML18)    PDF(pc) (3104KB)(274)       Save

    Rare and endangered plants are important plant resources in nature, and play a key role in the study of plant phylogeny, ecosystem restoration, plant stress resistance physiology, and the excavation of stress-resistance genes. However, the lack of genetic information has severely restricted the conservation and utilization in most endangered plant. Due to the large genomes, complex genetic information, and unclear genetic backgrounds of endangered plants, it is relatively difficult to sequence the genomes of endangered plants. In recent years, RNA-Sequencing could directly sequence non-reference genomic species, what makes it to be widely used in the study of endangeredplants. In addition, this paper presented the prospect of the application of RNA-Sequencing technology in the study of endangered plants and suggested the new ideas of transcriptome using in the endangered plants in future.

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    Changes and Influencing Factors of Anthocyanins in Hibiscus syriacus During Flowering
    Zhezhe LI, Yidan ZHANG, Bo WANG, Zhenghao WANG, Lu WANG, Beibei CHENG
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 550-561.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.008
    Abstract901)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (2030KB)(229)       Save

    In order to explore the law of flower color change of Hibiscussyriacus during the flowering process and the influence of physical and chemical factors such as pH, metal ions and water content on its flower color, the composition and physicochemical factors of anthocyanins in the petals of H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’ and ‘White Chiffon’ at different blossoming periods were studied respectively by the color chromato-meter, ion emission spectrometer and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that: (1)In terms of the composition of anthocyanins, 10 kinds of flavonoids such as Quercetin-3-glucoside, Luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and Santolol-7-O-glucoside were detected and identified in the petals of the two varieties, and 5 kinds of anthocyanins such as Mallorin-3-O-glucoside were detected and identified in the H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’, and no anthocyanins were detected in the H. syriacus ‘White Chiffon’. (2)In the process of blossoming, the brightness of the flower color increased, the color degree decreased, and the color changed from purplish red to lavender, and light yellow to white respectively. During the blossoming, the composition of anthocyanins remained unchanged, and the content of anthocyanins and total anthocyanins gradually decreased in H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’. (3)The pH of petals in H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’ and ‘White Chiffon’ were both acidic, and the activities of Peroxidase(POD) and Polyphenol oxidase(PPO) showed significant difference in different periods. Among them, POD activity in H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’ was higher than that in H. syriacus ‘White Chiffon’, while PPO activity was the opposite; calcium and magnesium ions were the highest content of metal ions in H. syriacus petals, while copper, iron, manganese, zinc and other metal ions had low content in H. syriacus petals. (4)In terms of correlation analysis, during the blossoming of H. syriacus ‘Qiansiban’, the color degree C* was significantly positively correlated with hue a*, and significantly positively correlated with calcium ion, iron ion and manganese ion respectively; during the blossoming of H. syriacus ‘White Chiffon’, the color degree C* was significantly positively correlated with hue b* and PPO activity, and negatively correlated with hue a* respectively. The research showed that the anthocyanins were the material basis of flower color change of H. syriacus flower petals. Besides anthocyanin content, the flower color change process was also closely related to the content of calcium, iron, manganese and other metal ions. PPO activity was a potential biochemical factor to promote the degradation of flavonoids in white flower varieties.

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    Analysis of Non-Cellulosic Monosaccharide Composition of Poplar Cell Wall by HPAEC-PAD
    Xiaoling JIN, Huimin WU, Chaofeng YANG, Jin ZHANG, Mengzhu LU, Wei ZENG
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (5): 787-793.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.05.015
    Abstract737)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (835KB)(226)       Save

    To establish an ion exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) method for non-cellulosic monosaccharides in poplar(Populus spp.) cell walls, the 9 main cell wall monosaccharides could be base-line separated in one run by optimizing the separation conditions. Dionex CarbiPacTM PA100 (4 mm×250 mm) with sodium hydroxide analytical column was used for gradient elution at flow rate is 1.0 mL·min-1 and the column temperature of 30 ℃ was used for the determination of monosaccharide fraction in the cell wall of different poplar species. The results showed that the 9 monosaccharides had a good linear relationship in the linear range of 0.5-150.0 mg·L-1, the correlation coefficient R2 was 0.999 0-0.999 3, the reproducibility(RSD) of the method was 1.09%-3.96%, and the recovery rate by standard addition was 91.32%-109.25%. The detection limit was 1.57×10-3-1.41×10-2 mg·L-1. Galacturonic acid was the highest composition followed by xylose, and the glucuronic acid content was the lowest monosaccharide. The method developed in this study was widely applicable and simple, and could be used for the detection of monosaccharides in the cell walls of poplar and other species.

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    Correction of Typographical Errors in the Protologue of Nine Taxon Names (Monocotyledoneae) in China
    Yun LIN, Haiyan BI
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (5): 641-646.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.05.001
    Abstract791)   HTML23)    PDF(pc) (9214KB)(213)       Save

    According to Article 9.2 of International Code of Nomenclature for algaefungiand plants(Shenzhen Code), the typographical errors in the protologues of nine taxon names(Monocotyledoneae) in China were corrected, including Puccinellia degeensis L. Liu, P. multiflora L. Liou, Diuranthera inarticulata F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang, Bulbophyllum colomaculosum Z. H. Tsi & S. C. Chen, B. sphaericum Z. H. Tsi & H. Li, Cypripedium sichuanense Perner, Oberonia delicata Z. H. Tsi & S. C. Chen, Phaius magniflorus Z. H. Tsi & S. C. Chen and Sarcoglyphis magnirostris Z. H. Tsi, the holotypes of these species were deposited at China National Herbarium(PE), Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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    Fruiting and Seed Characteristics of Abies in Northwest Yunnan
    Dan WANG, Zhongshuai ZHANG, Qingyin ZENG, Xuemin HAN
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (5): 647-656.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.05.002
    Abstract814)   HTML16)    PDF(pc) (1495KB)(186)       Save

    To explore the fruiting characteristics and seed characteristics and their variation patterns of Abies species distributed in Northwest Yunnan, and to provide material support and theoretical basis for promoting the regeneration and restoration of Abies forest, the specimens and cones of seven Abies species distributed in Northwest Yunnan were collected and identified, and the seed morphological characteristics, seed viability, and fruiting characteristics were analyzed, and then the differences among species and regions were explored separately. The results showed that the length, width and thickness of seeds of seven Abies species in Northwest Yunnan were 6.04-10.22 mm, 2.03-3.32 mm and 1.26-2.24 mm, respectively, and the thousand-grain weight was 4.26-30.50 g. The thousand-grain weight was significantly correlated with seed length, width and thickness (r>0.8, P<0.01). The average rates of plump, empty and insect-eaten seeds of seven Abies species in Northwest Yunnan were 27.51%, 4.92% and 67.58%, respectively. The rate of plump seed was low, and that of empty and insect-eaten seeds was high. Abies ernestii var. salouenensis was not further analyzed in this article due to field investigations revealing that most of them had no cone and only one tree’s cones were collected in this study. For the other six species, the rate of insect-eaten seeds did not differ significantly between species(P=0.750), or between regions(P=0.204). However, there were interspecies differences in the rate of plump seeds(P=0.005) and empty seeds(P=0.007). There were interspecific(P=0.008) and interregional(P=0.036) differences in Abies seed viability. Therefore, seed viability of Abies was affected by both species characteristics and environmental factors.

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    Establishment and Application of Genetic Transformation System for Populus simonii× P. nigra ‘Baicheng’
    Xu HE, Yuan GAO, Qunye ZHANG, Chenguang ZHOU, Wei LI, Shuang LI
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (5): 667-678.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.05.004
    Abstract1528)   HTML9)    PDF(pc) (4918KB)(153)       Save

    Stems of Populus simonii×P. nigra ‘Baicheng’ in vitro plants were selected as explants and MS medium was used to establish tissue culture system by adjusting the hormone concentrations of 6-BA, NAA, TDZ and IBA. Based on the tissue culture system, the optimal concentration of kanamycin and infection time were confirmed to establish Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation system for P. simonii×P. nigra ‘Baicheng’. By using this system, the transgenic plants overexpressed a key tension wood formation regulator LBD39 (Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain) were created successfully. The results showed that the tissue culture system consisted of three stages, including adventitious bud differentiation induction (MS+ 0.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.1 mg·L-1 NAA+0.001 mg·L-1 TDZ, shoot differentiation rate=92.6%), stem induction (MS+0.2 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.05 mg·L-1 NAA, multiplication coefficient=6.5) and rooting induction (1/2 MS+0.4 mg·L-1 IBA, rooting percentage=100%). The optimal kanamycin concentration for genetic transformation was 30 mg·L-1 and the optimal infection time was 20 min, and the transgenic plants were obtained successfully after 30 d of adventitious bud differentiation induction, 15-30 d of stem induction and 25 d of rooting induction with 2% transformation efficiency respectively. By using this system, five overexpressed plants of LBD39 were obtained, and the transformation efficiency was 3.3%.

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    Effect of Expression of Aeβ- AS gene from Aralia elata on the Content of Saponins in Nicotiana tabacum L.
    Qingqing HUO, Yuxin XIA, Jiale LI, Wei HAN, Shuya ZHANG, Zhe ZHANG, Meiling XIA, Wenhua GUO, Xiangling YOU
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (5): 779-786.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.05.014
    Abstract1405)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (1728KB)(152)       Save

    To investigate the effect of β-amyrin synthase gene(Aeβ-AS) on triterpenoid saponin synthesis of Aralia elata, the Aeβ-AS gene was cloned and genetically transformed into tobacco. The expression difference of Aeβ-AS gene in different parts of transgenic tobacco was analyzed, and the expression levels of Aeβ-AS gene, upstream and downstream key enzyme genes and total triterpene content were detected respectively. The results showed that the plant overexpression vector PROKⅡ-Aeβ-AS was successfully constructed and transferred into wild type tobacco, and seven transgenic lines were obtained and expressed at the mRNA level, and the expression level in leaves was higher than that in roots and stems. In transgenic tobacco, the expression levels of Aeβ-AS gene and its upstream and downstream key enzyme genes were higher than those of wild type, and the relative expression levels of NtFPS and NtSS genes of strain L21 were the highest, and the relative expression levels of NtSE and Aeβ-AS genes of strain L30 were the highest. Compared with wild-type tobacco, the total triterpene content of GM tobacco was significantly increased(1.1-1.6 times). The results showed that synthesis of Aeβ-AS gene and heterologous transformation in tobacco could significantly increase the total triterpene content in transgenic tobacco.

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    Comparative Proteomics on Leaves of Triadica sebifera Clones under Salt Stress
    Dezong SUI, Baosong WANG
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (5): 679-689.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.05.005
    Abstract1327)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (2944KB)(150)       Save

    In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of protein responses in Triadica sebifera to salt stress, two T. sebifera lines, including salt-sensitive P18(SS18) and salt-tolerant P21(ST21) were selected and treated with 0.4% NaCl solution. Isotope tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ) were used to quantify leaf proteins abundance changes at different stress periods(0, 24, 72 h). A total of 279 and 106 differentially expressed proteins(DEPs) were detected in SS18 and ST21, respectively. Four proteins, including catalase, extension factor 1-α, H+-ATPase c domain protein and thioredoxin, were significantly up-regulated in two clones under salt stress, suggesting that they may be important potential target proteins in the salt-tolerant response of T. sebifera’s. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEPs of T. sebifera leaves under salt stress were primarily associated with photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. The protein-protein interaction network showed that 5 core proteins(24 h) and 3 core proteins (72 h) involved in glucose decomposition and energy metabolism in SS18, while ST21 had 5 (24 h) and 4 (72 h) core proteins involved in carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, carbon fixation, photosynthesis and related to chlorophyll a-b binding. ST21 leaves improved metabolic pathways of sugars, amino acids and fatty acids, and accumulated a large number of small molecular soluble substances such as soluble sugars, amino acids and organic acids under salt stress, which might be an important aspect of salt stress response.

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    Morph-anatomy of Leaf and Taxonomic Insights of Eight Viola species from Yunnan,China
    Qin TIAN, Chengyan SHAO, Hanning DUAN, Chenxuan YANG, Lu LI
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (3): 447-460.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.03.015
    Abstract1418)   HTML11)    PDF(pc) (7788KB)(143)       Save

    The taxonomy of Viola L. has been problematic due to its varied morphology in a large number of species with a wide distribution. To solve its taxonomic problem, leaf morphology and anatomy in eight Viola species from Yunnan, China were investigated using the microscope and paraffine section. The results showed that: (1)There were four leaf shapes grouped into the reniform, the hastate, the ovate, and the three-lobed types. (2)There were three types of uniseriately single-celled trichome, including the short-column, the medium-column, and the long-column, growing along the margins and veins of leaves. (3)The anticlinal wall of epidermal cells was the straight-arched, the sinuolate, and the sinuous patterns respectively. Most of the stomata were orbicular while some were elliptical, which comprised the paracytic, the diacytic, and the anomocytic patterns. (4)The outlines of mid-rib transverse section were divided into the equal and the unequal types based on the different sizes between the adaxial and the abaxial epidermis. (5)The shapes of cross section of the petiole were grouped into the elliptical, the sub-orbicular, and the circle patterns, with obvious adaxially lateral wings and ridges. The number of vascular bundles was one or three, with varied three outlines containing the round, the shallowly U-type, and the deeply U-type. It was showed that some selected features of morpho-anatomy of leaf were much valuable for problematic species delimitation, including the leaf shape, the trichome, the epidermal cell, the outline of vascular bundle, and the shape of cross section of leaf and petiole. Additionally, it was supported that V. inconspicuaV. prionantha, and V. philippica should be treated as three independent species.

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    Recent Advances on Plant Root Thermomorphogenesis
    Wei LIU, Ziqiang ZHU
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2024, 44 (1): 1-7.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2024.01.001
    Abstract107)   HTML22)    PDF(pc) (1194KB)(142)       Save

    Plant development is highly plastic. As ambient temperature increased, plant stems and petioles elongated, and promoted leaf surface cooling, the process known as thermomorphogenesis. High temperatures also triggered root elongation, which named as root thermomorphogenesis. There were many studies on the regulation of plant shoot thermomorphogenesis, but few investigations on the regulatory mechanisms of plant root thermomorphogenesis. In this review, we summarized the recent progresses in the field of plant root thermomorphogenesis, and proposed future research directions.

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    Evaluation on Waterlogging Tolerance of Different Tomato Germplasm
    Luhua ZHOU, Junyi FANG, Zimo XIONG, Weifeng WU, Jiarui LIU, Qiao LU, Hongqing LING, Danyu KONG
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (5): 657-666.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.05.003
    Abstract1470)   HTML13)    PDF(pc) (4406KB)(140)       Save

    To screen out the tomato(Solanum) germplasm with waterlogging tolerance, 50 tomato germplasm were selected as the research object, and the survival rate and physiological indexes were compared after semi-submerged and submerged treatments respectively. The results showed that 12 waterlogging tolerant tomato germplasm with 100% survival rate after seven days submergence treatment were selected, and 12 waterlogging-tolerant germplasm were observed and distributed in S. lycopersicumS. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme and S. pimpinellifolium respectively. Further analysis on waterlogging-tolerant tomato TK017 and waterlogging-sensitive tomato TK039 revealed that tomato TK017 could control the content of reactive oxygen species more effectively under submergence condition, and improved the waterlogging tolerance of tomato.

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    Effects of Saline-alkali Stress on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Color Leaf Heuchera micrantha ‘Silver Fan’ Seedlings
    Shuyao ZHUANG, Hengbo XU, Xiaoyu HU, Shang DAI, Yanni ZHANG
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (4): 520-530.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.04.005
    Abstract1010)   HTML10)    PDF(pc) (3933KB)(129)       Save

    In order to investigate the effects of saline-alkali stress on the plant growth, seedling of Heucheramicrantha ‘Silver Fan’ was used as materials, and 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl and NaHCO3, and 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mmol·L-1 Na2CO3, were used to simulate salt stress, salt alkali stress, and alkali stress, respectively. The experiment used 1/4 Hoagland nutrient solution as the control, and used water culture method to treat seedlings for 0, 7 and 14 d. The response of plants was observed from aspects such as salt damage rate and physiological indicators, and the effects of salt stress on the growth of ‘Silver Fan’ seedlings were analyzed and evaluated by principal component analysis of 7 indicators. The results showed that under different salt alkali stress treatments, the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content(MDA) of the seedlings showed an increasing trend with time and concentration. The seedlings treated with 30 mmol·L-1 NaCl or NaHCO3 showed no obvious symptoms of salt damage, and all physiological indicators showed an upward trend with the prolongation of treatment time; With the increase of concentration and stress time, the salt damage index of seedlings increased, but the ornamental value decreased. The overall trend of superoxide dismutase(SOD) increased first and then decreased, reaching the maximum value at 90 mmol·L-1 NaCl and 60 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3, respectively. Under the same stress time, the contents of chlorophyll(Chl), chlorophyll a(Chla), and chlorophyll b(Chlb) decreased continuously, while ρ(Chla)/ρ(Chlb) increased with the increase of stress concentration. Under different concentrations of Na2CO3 stress, the SOD activity generally showed an upward trend, reaching the maximum value at 50 mmol·L-1, and the contents of Chl, Chla, and Chlb generally showed a downward trend. However, under the same time conditions of stress, ρ(Chla)/ρ(Chlb) decreased first and then increased with the concentration increasing, and the ratio of ρ(Chla)/ρ(Chlb) was the smallest under 40 mmol·L-1 treatment. In general, ‘Silver Fan’ seedlings had a certain salt alkali resistance ability, and could grow at NaCl concentration<90 mmol·L-1, NaHCO3 concentration<60 mmol·L-1, and Na2CO3 concentration< 40 mmol·L-1, and had certain ornamental value, respectively. The results of principal component analysis showed that the relative conductivity, Chla, and Chlb contents could be used as indicators for evaluating the salt alkali resistance of the ‘Silver Fan’.

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    Anatomical Structure and Ecological Adaptability of Stems and Leaves of Rhamnus ussuriensis
    Qingsong WU, Yinghui LIU, Shuo LI, Panpan LI, Youmin ZHANG
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (3): 461-469.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.03.016
    Abstract2043)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (8959KB)(125)       Save

    To investigate the adaptability mechanism of the anatomical structure of the Rhamnus ussuriensis stems and leaves to the environment, the stems and leaves of Rh. ussuriensisis were studied by paraffin sections and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that: leaf blade of Rh. ussuriensisis was bifacial; trichomes and stomata were distributed in lower epidermis; stomatal index was 39.04 %; the palisade tissue was composed of two layers of parenchyma cells; the palisade tissue had a compact structure, however, the spongy tissue was loosely arranged. The main veins of the leaves were developed, the vascular bundles were arranged in the ring-shape, the number of xylem vessels and the diameter was large respectively, and the parenchyma cells around the vascular bundle contained abundant ergastic substance. In the primary structure of stem, the cuticle of epidermal cells was thick, and the cells of cortex parenchyma contained crystal clusters. The vascular bundle was open collateral vascular bundle; the medulla was developed; the secondary structure of the stem had obvious annual rings, which was a typical ring-porous wood, with concave lenticels and developed secondary xylem; most of the vessels were spiral vessels and pitted vessels, and the vessel member were mostly compound pores. The rays were mainly single rays, with a small number of double rays. The anatomical structure of the R. ussuriensishas leaves and stems had obvious characteristics of drought resistance and cold resistance, it might adapt to arid and cold environments.

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    Detailed Phenotypical Analysis on the Mutant ssr1- 2 Encoding a Mitochondrial Protein of Arabidopsis thaliana
    Yuanyuan CAI, Jibenben XIA, Wenhan YING, Jieyao WANG, Tao XIE, Kongya XING, Xuanjun FENG, Xuejun HUA
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (3): 421-431.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.03.012
    Abstract1760)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (5062KB)(120)       Save

    To explore the role of SSR1 gene encoding a functionally unknown mitochondrial protein of Arabidopsis thaliana in plant growth and stress response, ssr1-2 and its suppressor mutants EMS143 and EMS145 were used to track the growth of their roots and aboveground parts, as well as their proline sensitivity and iron homeostasis, and the effects of ssr1-2 short root phenotype on aboveground growth of seedlings were analyzed by micrografting. The results showed that the primary root length of ssr1-2 was shorter and the root architecture was similar to the fibrous root system. The growth of their shoots was also retarded, but appeared considerably later than the short-root phenotype. The results of micrografting revealed that the roots of ssr1-2 could restrict the growth of the wild-type shoots and, and conversely, the shoot of ssr1-2 could also affect the growth of the wild-type roots, but the former had a bigger effect. ssr1-2 showed a hypersensitive phenotype to proline in seed germination, root length and leaf chlorophyll content. In addition, ssr1-2 appeared insensitive to Fe nutrition, that was, the stimulating effect of Fe salt on seedling growth was significantly less than that of wild-type WS, indicating a significant decrease in its ability to utilize Fe. The results suggested that SSR1 might be involved in the regulation of A. thaliana root growth by affecting the utilization of iron nutrient, implying that the impairment of the mitochondrial iron utilization machinery might contribute significantly to the enhanced inhibitory effect of proline on plant growth and development.

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    Rediscovery and Supplementary Morphological Description of the Oreocharis parvifolia (Gesneriaceae)
    Huan LI, Yulu ZHOU, Quanyuan LI, Fang WEN, Xinxiang BAI
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (6): 801-805.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.06.001
    Abstract102)   HTML11)    PDF(pc) (3691KB)(113)       Save

    Oreocharis parvifolia, a perennial herb in Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss., was originally collected by French missionary J.P.Cavalerie in Guizhou in 1908, and published as a new species by Pan Kaiyu in 1988. However, there was no further related collections records and images for the next 100 years. Based on literature and type sample research, combined with field investigation, the type origin of this species was confirmed in August 2022, the supplementary morphological was described, and color photos and distribution point information were provided.

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    Effects of Drought Conditions on Interspecific Interactions and Growth of Bidens pilosa and Buddleja lindleyana
    Jiaxing CHEN, Shu WANG, Linli CHEN, Xiali HOU, Qingzhu YANG, Renya YIN
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (5): 720-728.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.05.009
    Abstract676)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (1263KB)(113)       Save

    In order to investigate the effects of drought on the interspecific relationship and growth of the invasive plant Bidens pilosa and the native species Buddleja lindleyana, two methods were designed: interspecific group(one plant of each of two species were planted in a pot) and baffled group(a baffle separated the two plants in the interspecific group), and two water treatments were applied, including the drought group (30%-35% saturated moisture content) and control group(90%-100% saturated moisture content), and plant morphological characteristics, biomass, relative growth rate, and relative neighbor effect index of each plant feature were measured respectively. The results showed that: (1)under both drought conditions, interspecific interactions promoted the root, stem, leaf, and total biomass of Bidens pilosa, whereas water availability altered the interspecific interactions of Buddleja lindleyana, with competition under the drought treatment and facilitation under the control treatment; (2)under drought conditions, interspecific interactions increased the relative growth rate and root-to-shoot ratio of Bidens pilosa root, stem, and leaf biomass, and decreased the specific leaf area and root-to-shoot ratio of Buddleja lindleyanaP<0.05). (3)Interspecific interactions significantly promoted the growth of root length, root surface area, and root tip number in both species(P<0.05). The results indicate that interspecific interactions promote the growth performance of Bidens pilosa under drought conditions, provid it with a competitive advantage in arid habitats, potentially as part of its invasion strategy.

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    Selection of Excellent Families and Evaluation of Selection Method for Pulpwood Half-sibling Families of Betula platyphylla
    Binghua CHEN, Jie ZHANG, Guifeng LIU, Siting LI, Yuanke GAO, Huiyu LI, Tianfang LI
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (5): 690-699.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.05.006
    Abstract99)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (907KB)(112)       Save

    To provide the theoretical basis for genetic improvement of Betula platyphylla, the genetic variation of the growth and wood characters of B. platyphylla half-sibling families were studied, and the excellent pulp families were selected, and 32 seven-year-old half-sibling families were measured respectively, and the growth and wood characters of each family were analyzed by ANOVA, genetic parameters were calculated and general combining ability was estimated, multiple selection methods were used to select excellent families and evaluate excellent parents. The results showed that there were significant differences (P<0.01) in growth and wood characters among families, and the family heritability was 0.71-1.00, the heritability per plant was 2.0-3.0, the coefficient of variation ranged from 5.88% to 49.84%. There was a significantly and strongly positive correlation among DBH, tree height and volume(r:0.70-0.97), and fiber length to width ratio had a significantly and strongly positive correlation with the fiber length(r:0.69), while it had a significantly and strongly negative correlation with the fiber width(r:-0.76). The general combining ability was used to evaluate the excellent parents, and the general combining ability ranges of volume, basic density and fiber length were -0.001 1-0.001 0, -0.04-0.07 and -112.09-77.36, respectively. The maternal parents of A13, A12, A21 and A24 were selected as excellent parents, and three different selection methods, including Brekin multi-trait comprehensive analysis method, principal component analysis method and breeding value method, were used to select the excellent family. After comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods, five excellent pulp families were selected, and the average genetic gain of volume and cellulose reached 12.97% and 3.40%, respectively. A12, A17, A23, A19, A1 were selected as the excellent pulpwood families, which provided material for further breeding of improved varieties of fast- growing B. platyphylla.

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    Embryo Development and Features of Seed and Fruit of Endangered Plant Cymbidium goeringii var. longibracteatum
    Renrui WANG, Xin LIU, Jie LI
    Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (6): 953-960.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.06.017
    Abstract61)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (4479KB)(108)       Save

    The embryo development, seed formation and fruit anatomical characteristics of Cymbidium goeringii var. longibracteatum were investigated by microscopic and ultrastructure obsevation on the capsules at various developmental stages obtained by artificial self-pollination. The results showed that: megasporocyte and mature embryo sac were observed at 60 d and 80 d after pollination resepectively, and the female gametophyte was of polygonum type. Spherical embryo and suspensor structures formed after 120 d, and the suspensor degenerated and embryo body was at the globular stage after 180 d, and development of the embryo was of the solanad type. The seeds were extremely tiny, consisting of endopleura, episperm and undifferentiated globular embryo, accounting for about 24% of the seed embryo volume, and with little content of nutrients, and an air cavity between the seed coats.The ovary was composed of six carpel valves, three of which were fertile with a ‘V’ shaped placenta, and the others were infertile carpel valves without placenta. The average weight of a single seed was (3.92 ±0.40) μg, and the number of seeds in a capsule was(37.98±3.71)×104.

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