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Competition Pattern of Standing Trees in Secondary Pinus Forest in the Ziwuling Mountains, China Shuzhen ZOU, Caijia YIN, Qian YANG, Long MA, Di KANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (1): 140-149.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.01.015 Abstract （11518）   HTML （38）    PDF（pc） （3338KB）（2069）       Knowledge map    Save In order to reveal the driving mechanism of competition dynamics and pattern formation in the process of arid forest restoration and succession， the competition and spatial distribution pattern of standing trees in arid forest China were studied， and a typical secondary Pinus tabuliformis forests was investigated in the Ziwuling Mountains， China， and four larger sample sites（0.25 hm2 each） in different developmental stages were selected， according to the method using space instead of time， and some details of population， size， inter-tree competitions and spatial pattern of four sample sites were acquired respectively. The results showed that， in the four communities at different stages of succession， population densities of P. tabulaeformis were 1 476， 996， 800 and 648 per ha2 respectively； population densities of Betula platyphylla were 48， 32， 44 and 16 per ha2 respectively； and population densities of Populus davidiana were 64， 28， 24 and 12 per ha2 respectively. Competition index of main tree specials decreased with succession， and showed P. tabulaeformis>B. platyphylla>P. davidiana. Quantity of small individuals（diameter at breast height from 2-15 cm） decreased obviously； but quantity of large individuals（diameter at breast height larger than 30 cm） increased. In all succession stages， the competitive intensity of P. tabulaeformis decreased with the increase of diameter. The horizontal spatial competition pattern of P. tabulaeformis showed a patchiness distribution. P. tabulaeformis clumped at the scales 0-5 m， and negative correlated with other tress specials at the scales 5-15 m. Quantity of small size Pinus individuals decreased obvious in later developmental stage. Inter-tree competition of P. tabulaeformis was stronger than other tree species， and inter-tree competition decreased in the later developmental stage. The conclusions are as follows： the size of trees are negatively correlated with the competition index； the competition index of P. tabulaeformis is higher than other species； the competition at community scales decline as development， and the quantity and range of the patches with an intense competition decline， but do not disappear yet. Competition and spatial relations are observed within the scales of 5-15 m which are larger than the average crown size of Pinus. The conditions suggest that the range of inter-tree influence could expand indirectly beyond their crown range through unknown methods， which should be further investigated. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Tapping Panel Dryness on Mitochondrial Ultrastructure and ROS Metabolism in Barks of Rubber Tree ( Hevea brasiliensis) Hong YANG, Lifeng WANG, Longjun DAI, Bingbing GUO Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (1): 69-75.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.01.008 Abstract （9727）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （1146KB）（797）       Knowledge map    Save In order to elucidate the mechanism of tapping panel dryness（TPD） and effectively control it， the ultrastructure and the expression patterns of reactive oxygen species（ROS）-related genes in barks from healthy（H） and different degrees of TPD trees were studied in this study. The results showed that with the development of TPD， aberrant mitochondrial ultrastructure changed including the loss of the matrix， swelling of cristae， and the cavitation of the inner cavity were observed in barks. The results of qRT-PCR experiments showed that the expression levels of HbPOD2 and HbPOD3 in TPD trees were higher than those in healthy trees， indicating the possibility of these genes being used as “marker” genes to monitor the tapping intensity， the stimulation intensity， and the occurrence of TPD. The gene HbCAT was also down-regulated in TPD trees， indicating that the balance between ROS generation and scavenging may be a key factor in the occurrence of TPD in rubber tree. The expressions of HbGST1， HbGST2， and HbPPO in TPD trees were higher than those in healthy trees， indicating these genes may be associated with in-situ coagulation of latex during TPD occurrence. This study reveals the changes of ultrastructure and the expression patterns of ROS-related genes in rubber tree barks during TPD occurrence. These findings may provide a new perspective for elucidating the mechanism of TPD in rubber tree， and provid theoretical guidance for developing methods for monitoring tapping intensity and stimulation intensity and for developing TPD-related “marker” genes in rubber trees. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Complete Chloroplast Genome Structure and Characterization of Syringa villosa subsp . wolfii Yongchang LU, Xin ZHANG, Luyan ZHANG, Jiuli WANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (1): 120-130.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.01.013 Abstract （9251）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （5570KB）（5658）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the basic characteristics of the complete chloroplast genome of Syringa villosa subsp. wolfii， the sequence information of chloroplast genome was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology， and its systematic evolution position was discussed. The results showed that：（1）The total length of the S. villosa subsp. wolfii chloroplast genome was 156 517 bp， which had a typical tetrad structure and had 131 functional genes， including 36 tRNA genes， 8 rRNA genes and 87 protein-coding genes respectively. （2）The relative synonymous codon usage（RSCU） analysis of the protein-coding region of the chloroplast genome showed that there were 31 codons with RSCU>1， of which 21 ended with A/U base； and there were 34 codons with RSCU<1， including 22 codons ending with G/C base. （3）In the chloroplast genome of S. villosa subsp. wolfii， 334 scattered repeats were detected， including 170 forward repeats and 164 palindromic repeats， and 227 SSR loci were discovered， and PCR primers were designed successfully for 226 of these loci. （4）Phylogenetic tree analysis based on the maximum likelihood method showed that S. villosa subsp. wolfii was the most closely to the S. yunnanensis. In this study， repeated sequences， IR boundaries and phylogeny of chloroplast genome of S. villosa subsp. wolfii were analyzed to provide reference data for molecular markers， phylogenetic classification， species identification and evaluation and DNA barcode development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and Expression Analysis of MibZIP1 from Macadamia integrifolia Haiyun SONG, Tao ZHANG, Peng HE, Shufang ZHENG, Lifeng WANG, Wenlin WANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (1): 131-139.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.01.014 Abstract （8267）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （3902KB）（736）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the potential functions of bZIP transcription factor family members in Macadamia integrifolia under stress response， MibZIP1 was cloned from ‘Guire 1’ fruit. Combined with the analysis of transcription factor structure and expression patterns under different treatments， it was found that the full length of MibZIP1 was 1 157 bp， and the ORF was 927 bp， and encoded 308 aa，and had a typical bZIP Superfamily domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MibZIP1， TsbZIP60 and NnbZIP60 were closely related. The results of tissue expression analysis showed that MibZIP1 expression was the lowest in leaves of ‘Guire 1’ and the highest in branches of ‘695’. The expression of MibZIP1 was significantly up-regulated in ‘Guire 1’ leaves treated by zeatin， salicylic acid， ethephon and abscisic acid respectively， but was unchanged treated by gibberellin and hydrogen peroxide respectively. It was speculated that MibZIP1 was related to the stress tolerance of M. integrifolia， which provided theoretical guidance for the development of new cultivation and hormone regulation techniques. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide on Contents of Organic Acids and Hormones in Leaves of Avena nuda under Saline-Alkali Stress Jianxin LIU, Ruirui LIU, Xiuli LIU, Xiaobin OU, Haiyan JIA, Ting BU, Na LI Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (1): 76-89.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.01.009 Abstract （7474）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （3966KB）（883）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the regulatory effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide（H2S） on the levels of organic acids and hormones in plants under saline-alkali stress， naked oats（Avena nuda） were used as materials to study the effect of spraying 50 μmol·L-1 H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide（NaHS） solution on the contents of organic acids and hormones in leaves and yield traits under 3.00 g·kg-1 saline-alkali stress. The results showed that saline-alkali stress significantly increased the contents of succinic acid， butenedioic acid， malic acid， glucuronic acid and total organic acids， respectively， but significantly decreased the contents of pyroglutamic acid， jasmonoyl-isoleucine（JA-Ile）， trans-zeatin（tZ） and N6-（Δ2-Isopentenyl） adenine（iP） in leaves respectively. Under saline-alkali stress， spraying NaHS solution significantly increased the contents of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid， indole-3-acetic acid（IAA）， gibberellin A7（GA7）， methyl jasmonate（MJA）， iP and IAA/ABA ratio， respectively， but significantly decreased the contents of glucuronic acid， gibberellin A3（GA3）， gibberellin A4（GA4）， total gibberellins（GAs）， 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid（ACC） and ACC/ABA ratio respectively， while it had no significant effect on the contents of succinic acid， butenedioic acid， malic acid， citric acid， malonic acid， pantothenic acid， nicotinic acid， pyroglutamic acid， suberic acid， phenylpyruvic acid， total organic acids， gibberellin A1（GA1）， jasmonic acid（JA）， JA-Ile， abscisic acid（ABA）， tZ， trans-zeatin-riboside（tZR）， N6-（Δ2-isopentenyl） adenosine（iPA）， total jasmonic acids（JAs）， cytokinin（CTK） and the ratios of GAs/ABA， JAs/ABA and CTK/ABA respectively. The principal component analysis showed that spraying NaHS solution significantly increased the contents of organic acid 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid and hormones MJA， GA7， tZ and IAA in leaves of naked oat under saline-alkali stress by 14.31%， 41.83%， 50.00%， 22.97% and 13.02%， respectively； while the contents of organic acids nicotinic acid， glucuronic acid and hormones GA4， ACC， tZR and GA3 were significantly decreased by 16.00%， 23.87%， 73.53%， 32.72%， 50.00% and 33.91%， respectively. In addition， the application of NaHS solution reduced the 1 000 grain weight of naked oat under saline-alkali stress by 5.91%， while spike number， boll number per spike， spike grain numbers and grain yield were increased by 2.19%， 9.70%， 61.60% and 52.83%， respectively. These results indicated that exogenous H2S participates in the regulation of organic acid and hormone levels of naked oat under salt-alkali stress， which could enhance the ability of naked oat to adapt to salt-alkali stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Photosynthetic Capacity Differentiation and Gene Transcription in Different Geographical Populations of Arabidopsis thaliana under Common Garden conditions Mengshuo LI, Yingze LIU, Huan LU, Sheng QIANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (1): 90-99.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.01.010 Abstract （6799）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （1584KB）（1026）       Knowledge map    Save Photosynthesis is a basic metabolism process for plants and provides the material basis for plant growth and development. Different environmental conditions determine the polymorphism of plant photosynthetic capacity， but the mechanisms regulating the divergence of photosynthetic capacity among different populations under the same environmental conditions remain still unknown. This study aims to reveal the divergence of photosynthetic capacity in different geographical populations of Arabidopsis thaliana in Europe under common garden conditions and the mechanisms of their gene transcriptional regulation. A comparative study of photosynthetic characteristics of 23 geographic A. thaliana（Arabidopsis） populations from different regions was conducted under common garden conditions by determining the gas exchange parameters， chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and SPAD values. In addition， the photosynthetic-related gene expressions of the typical populations with differences in photosynthetic capacity was examined using real-time quantitative PCR（RT-qPCR）. The comparative result revealed that gas exchange parameters differed significantly among geographical populations of Arabidopsis from different climatic zones in Europe. The variation range of net photosynthetic rate was 2-11 μmol·m-2·s-1.while chlorophyll fluorescence parameters varied to a lesser extent， the variation range was almost no more than 10%. Cluster analysis showed that the 23 Arabidopsis populations were divided into two groups， strong and weak photosynthetic ability respectively. The populations with strong photosynthetic capacity were mainly distributed in central and western Europe， and the average net photosynthetic rate was 7.37 μmol·m-2·s-1. The populations with weak photosynthetic capacity were mainly distributed in eastern and southern Europe with an average net photosynthetic rate of 4.46 μmol·m-2·s-1. Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between net photosynthetic rate， water use efficiency and SPAD. The results of redundancy analysis（RDA） suggested that the divergence of photosynthetic capacity in Arabidopsis might be related to environmental factors such as temperature and rainfall during the growing season in the region. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of PSⅡ- and Rubisco-related genes were significantly higher in En-D and Stw-0， typical populations with strong photosynthetic capacity， than in Wa-1 and Per-1， typical populations with weak photosynthetic capacity， suggesting that transcriptional differences in PSⅡ and Rubisco genes could be involved in the regulation of photosynthetic capacity differentiation in populations. The results clarified that there were differences in photosynthetic capacity between geographic populations of Arabidopsis under common gardens， and such differences might be related to the environment of origin and have been inherited to future generations during long-term evolution. In contrast， the transcriptional regulation of PSⅡ and Rubisco-related genes might be involved in the differentiation of photosynthetic capacity in Arabidopsis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial Variation of Phenotypes of Fruit and Seed Traits of Michelia wilsonii, a Rare and Endangered Plant Lijie CHEN, Wanyuan DANG, Weiwei CHEN, Tao QIU, Xiaohong CHEN Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (1): 100-108.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.01.011 Abstract （6773）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （1257KB）（1573）       Knowledge map    Save In order to provide a basis for the conservation and utilization of Michelia wilsonii natural population， the phenotypes of fruit and seed traits of M. wilsonii were analyzed， and the variation mechanism and spatial autocorrelation was studied. M. wilsonii natural population was taken as materials， which located in Zhougong Mountain， Ya’an， 12 phenotypic traits were determined. The spatial variation characteristics of fruits and seeds of M. wilsonii were explored by using coefficient of variation and semi-variogram. The results showed that：（1）The average coefficient of variation of phenotypic fruit and seed traits was 27.59%， the variation extent of morphological traits was the least， and the variation extent of seed traits was more abundant than that of fruit. （2）The seed abortion rate and follicle abortion rate were the highest in the lower part of fruit， which were 18.32% and 38.22% respectively. The seed and follicle abortion rates were lowest in the middle part of fruit， which were 15.05% and 23.45% respectively. （3）The semi-variogram models were dominated by exponential and spherical models， presenting a distribution of aggregation. Except fruit length， seed longitudinal diameter and seed abortion rate， the other nine indexes showed medium and high spatial autocorrelation respectively. （4）The anisotropy ratios of the nine indexes were close to 1， and the spatial heterogeneity was isotropy. Therefore， the phenotypic fruit and seed traits of M. wilsonii had abundant variation in the medium scale spatial range. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and Expression Vector Construction of a Flowering Related Gene MiMADS-box from Macadamia integrifolia Qiu-Jin TAN, Tao ZHANG, Yuan-Rong WEI, Shu-Fang ZHENG, Xiu-Hua TANG, Wen-Lin WANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2021, 41 (6): 888-895.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2021.06.006 Abstract （4962）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （4016KB）（186）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the mechanism of MADS-box transcription factor gene family member in flowering and floral organ development in Macadamia integrifolia， aMiMADS-box gene was cloned from the leaves of M. integrifolia “GUIRE1” cultivar by PCR technique and analyzed its structure and function by Bioinformatics method. The cloned cDNA sequence of MiMADS-box gene was 1 179 bp in length， 729 bp open reading frame （ORF）， encoded 242 amino acids. MiMADS-box， an unstable hydrophilic protein that had no transmembrane structure， no signal peptide and localized in the nucleus， had MADS superfamily and K-box superfamily conserved domains belonging to the MIKCc-type family. Phylogenetic analysis clustered MiMADS-box and AGL7/AP1， AGL10/CAL1， AGL8/FUL， AGL79 into FUL-AP1（SQUA） subfamily. The transcriptome data were used to analyze the expression patterns of MiMADS-box gene in branch， flower and leave of M. integrifolia “GUIRE1” and “695” cultivar. Results indicated that MiMADS-box had the lowest expression in the flower of “GUIRE1”， but the expression level of “695” was the highest. The green fluorescent protein fusion vector pGREEN-MiMADS-box-ORF-GFP was constructed by homologous recombination. It was speculated that MiMADS-box was closely related to flowering and floral organ development. The study provided a theoretical and technical guide for clarification the role MiMADS-box in flowering regulation mechanism of M. integrifolia. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Soaking Seeds with NaHS on Seed Germination Characteristics of Naked Oat under Saline-Alkali Stress Jian-Xin LIU, Rui-Rui LIU, Xiu-Li LIU, Hai-Yan JIA, Ting BU, Na LI Bulletin of Botanical Research    2021, 41 (6): 870-877.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2021.06.004 Abstract （4849）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （612KB）（275）       Knowledge map    Save Hydrogen sulfide（H2S） signaling plays an important role in seed germination and stress response. To explore the influence of soaking seeds with sodium hydrosulfide（NaHS， a donor of H2S） on the seed germination of crops under saline-alkali stress， naked oat（Avena nude） seeds were selected as experimental material which were soaked with different concentration（0， 50， 100， 200 and 400 μmol·L-1） of NaHS for 8 h， and then germinated in different concentrations of mixed saline-alkaline（the mole ratio of NaCl∶Na2SO4∶Na2CO3∶NaHCO3 is 12∶8∶1∶9） solution（0， 15， 30， 45 and 60 mmol·L-1） in petri dishes in incubator. Changes in germination percentage（Gp）， germination index（Gi）， vigor index（Vi）， mean germination time（MGT）， dry weight of seedlings（SDW） and comprehensive evaluation value of membership function（D） were analyzed. The effects of different concentrations of saline-alkali and NaHS and their interaction on Gp， Gi， Vi， MGT， SDW and D were significant（P<0.05） or extremely significant（P<0.01）. The Gp， Gi， Vi， MGT， SDW and D decreased significantly with the increase of saline-alkali concentration. Compared with 0 μmol·L-1 NaHS（CK）， 50 and 100 μmol·L-1 NaHS increased the Gp， Gi， Vi and D under 0 mmol·L-1 saline-alkali stress to different degrees. The 50 μmol·L-1 NaHS significantly increased the Gp under 30 mmol·L-1 saline-alkali stress. The 50 and 100 μmol·L-1 NaHS increased Gi under 15， 30 and 45 mmol·L-1 saline-alkali stress to different degrees. The 50 μmol·L-1 NaHS significantly increased Vi under 30 mmol·L-1 saline-alkali stress. The 50 and 100 μmol·L-1 NaHS significantly increased D under 45 mmol·L-1 saline-alkali stress. However， the germination index values of other treatments were not significantly different or significantly reduced. These results suggest that soaking the seed with NaHS of appropriate concentration could relieve the inhibition of saline-alkali stress on seed germination of naked oats， optimal effects were reached at NaHS concentrations of 50 μmol·L-1 under saline-alkali stress at below 45 mmol·L-1， 200 and 400 mmol·L-1 NaHS aggravated the inhibition of salinity-alkali stress on seed germination， and NaHS had no palliative effect on the inhibition of seed germination of naked oat under high concentration of salinity-alkali stress（60 mmol·L-1）. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physiological Characteristics of Early Spring Flowering Plants under Northeast Forest Liben PAN, Xue YAN, Jia LIU, Kexin WU, Yang LIU, Shaochong LIU Bulletin of Botanical Research    2022, 42 (4): 657-666.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2022.04.015 Abstract （4703）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （2793KB）（216）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the flowering strategies of early spring flowering plants at low temperatures， five early spring flowering plants and five non-early spring flowering plants were collected，and the endogenous hormones and secondary metabolites between early spring flowering plants and non-early spring flowering plants were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and metabolomics. The results showed that the content of auxin（IAA） and zeatin（ZT） in early spring flowering plants were significantly lower than that in non-early spring flowering plants， while gibberellin（GA3） and abscisic acid（ABA） were significantly higher than that in non-early spring flowering plants， indicated that GA3 and ABA might play a regulatory role in promoting the flowering process of early spring plants. In the secondary metabolites， L-phenylalanine， the precursor of phenolic metabolites， was usually higher in non-early spring flowering plants than in early spring flowering plants. In addition， there were C6C1 phenolic compounds， including vanillic acid， syringic acid and protocatechuic acid； C6C3 phenolic compounds， including ferulic acid， chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid； Flavonoids， including apigenin， genistein， hesperidin， chrysin and galangin， were generally higher in non-early spring flowering plants than in early spring flowering plants. The changes of these secondary metabolites might be due to a large amount of material loss caused by the flowering process of flowering plants in early spring， which reduced the level of secondary metabolism. The results showed that endogenous plant hormones and secondary metabolites regulated the physiological process of flowering plants in early spring， and laid a foundation for further understanding the flowering process of plants under low temperatures. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Three Kinds of Agrobacterium and Different Transformation Conditions on the Transient Expression of GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana Yuejing Zhang, Ying Li, Juanjuan Wang, Hailong Pang, Lingyun Jia, Hanqing Feng Bulletin of Botanical Research    2022, 42 (1): 121-129.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2022.01.013 Abstract （4542）   HTML （134）    PDF（pc） （4568KB）（1847）       Knowledge map    Save By using Nicotiana benthamiana as plant material， the influence of the different Agrobacterium strains（LBA4404， EHA105， GV3101）， bacterial concentration and infection time on GFP（as the reporter gene） the fluorescence transient expression after transformation were analyzed respectively. The results showed that the expression of GFP with different Agrobacterium strains were various in the optimal concentration and time for transient： the highest transient expression efficiency with LBA4404 strain was achieved when the OD600 of bacterial suspension was 0.8； while the highest transient expression efficiency with EHA105 and GV3101 strains was achieved when the OD600 of the bacterial suspension reached 0.6. The level of transient expression by strain LBA4404 was the highest at 2 days later Agrobacterium infiltration while the level of transient expression by strains EHA105 and GV3101 was the highest at 4 days later Agrobacterium infiltration. The comparative analysis among these different strains showed that the transient expression efficiency by using LBA4404 strain was the highest. The above results indicated that Agrobacterium strains and transformation conditions such as bacterial concentration and infection time were important factors that affected the transient expression efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolutionary Analysis of Chloroplast Genome of Parnassia Mingze XIA, Faqi ZHANG, Xiaofeng CHI, Shuang HAN, Shilong CHEN Bulletin of Botanical Research    2022, 42 (4): 626-636.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2022.04.012 Abstract （4132）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （6827KB）（315）       Knowledge map    Save Sequence variation and gene composition of chloroplast genome could effectively reflect the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among plants. In this study， DNA libraries were prepared and sequenced by the Illumina HiSeq， chloroplast genomes of five species of Parnassia and allied genera were assembled respectively， and the structural characteristics， sequence genetic variation and codon preference of protein coding genes of Parnassia chloroplast genome with related species were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the chloroplast genome of Parnassia was conserved tetrad structure， and pseudogenization of several genes were found in P. palustris， but the chloroplast gene composition of other species was the same， encoding 115 genes. Compared with the relative species， the intron of rpl16 gene were lost in all species of Parnassia. The ratio of nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rate of protein coding genes was low， and chloroplast genes might experience purification selection. Codon preference was consistent with the phylogenetic relationship shown by protein coding sequences. This study reveals that selection pressure may play an important role in the evolution of protein-coding genes in the chloroplast genome of Parnassia， which could enhance the understanding about evolution and adaptation of this genus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome Characteristics of 6 Species of Yucca Fei WANG, Wenzhi ZHAO, Zhanghong DONG, Luyao MA, Weiying LI, Zongyan LI, Peiyao XIN Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (1): 109-119.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.01.012 Abstract （3933）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （5663KB）（6761）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the characteristics and sequences variation of the chloroplast genome of Yucca， a comparative genomics of the chloroplasts was performed， and a phylogenetic tree based on the chloroplast genome was constructed. The chloroplast genome of Y. treculeana was obtained by high-throughput sequencing technology， and combined with the published chloroplast genome of Yucca， the chloroplast genomes of six species of Yucca were studied by comparative genomics， including basic structure， SSR， boundary contraction and expansion， sequence variation and phylogenetic analysis respectively. The results showed that the chloroplast genome size， gene type and number of the six Yucca species were similar， and the interspecific genome structure was conserved. Several repeated sequences were detected in the chloroplast genome of Yucca， among which SSR loci were mostly composed of mononucleotide， dinucleotide and tetranucleotide， and preferred A and T bases. Three regions with high variation（psbK-psbl-trnS-GCU， rpl20-rps12 and ccsA-ndhD） were identified from the chloroplast genomes of six Yucca species according to the nucleic acid polymorphism index（π）≥0.008. The phylogenetic relationships constructed from the chloroplast genome and LSC+SSC region sequences were basically consistent， and the phylogenetic relationships among six Yucca species were confirmed， among which Y. treculeana and Y. queretaroensis were most closely related. The sequencing obtained Y. treculeana chloroplast genome， revealed the genome characteristics and sequence variation of six Yucca species， and clarified the relatedness among various species. The results could provide reference for subsequent molecular marker development and phylogenetic research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Phenotypic Variation and Genetic Diversity of Leaves Traits of Tabebuia and Handroanthus(Bignoniaceace) in China Jie ZHANG, Rong-Rong LI, Jing-Xiang MENG, Yong ZHANG, Chong-Lu ZHONG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2021, 41 (6): 851-861.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2021.06.002 Abstract （3876）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （1670KB）（480）       Knowledge map    Save Tabebuia and Handroanthus species are famous woody plants in the world， which plays an important role in urban landscaping. To comprehensively understand the genetic diversity of cultivated species of Tabebuia and Handroanthus in China， as well as to establish a reliable phenotypic identification method， the phenotypic variation and genetic diversity of 18 leave traits among 6 species in total 812 individual trees cultivated in 11 cities in the southeast and south of China were analyzed respectively， and the 6 species（Tabebuia aurea， T. rosea， Handroanthus heptaphyllus， H.impetiginosus， H. chrysotrichus and H. chrysanthus） were compared as the control respectively and grown in Jianfengling Tropical Forestry Experimental Station， Institute of Tropical Forestry， Chinese Academy of Forestry. The results showed that： ①All the 18 phenotypic traits of species were significantly different among species and individual trees， and the phenotypic differentiation coefficient and interspecific repeatability of the 9 phenotypic traits， such as compound leaf length， leaflet length， leaflet width， leaflet length/width， leaf apex length/width， Leaf margin， leaf texture， leaf coat or not， leaf shape， were all over 60%， indicated that the high genetic correlation in interspecific variation and could be available taxonomy and genetic analysis of these species； ②The individual trees commonly cultivated in southeast China could be divided into 4 categories and 10 types， where the class A included T. aurea， the class B included H. heptaphyllus， T. rosea， H. impetiginosus， the class C included H. chrysotrichus and class D included H. chrysanthus， respectively. Additionally， different types with class B， C， D are divergent in leaf shape， leaf size， leaf length， leaf texture， margin serrate state and coat， suggested a certain diversity variation of species. This study found 9 reliable traits available to species identification and evaluated the genetic diversity of species in urban landscape cultivated in southeast and south China. These results would provide reference for the future study in classification， cultivation， production and application of Tabebuia and Handroanthus species in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and Phenotypic Identification of Seed Coat Pigmentation Mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana Na LI, Xiaonan WANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (1): 59-68.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.01.007 Abstract （3636）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （5322KB）（882）       Knowledge map    Save Flavonols play important roles in plant responses to various environmental stresses and in the regulation of seed coat development. In this study， a transparent seed coat mutant was obtained through ethyl methane sulfonate（EMS） mutagenesis screening， compared with wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana（Col-0）， the mature seed color of the mutant was yellow， and its phenotypic trait was controlled by a recessive single gene. Using map-based cloning and fine-mapping technology， the mutant gene TT4（At5G13930） was mapped to BAC of MAH20 on chromosome 5， and the 1 299th base C of the TT4 was mutated to T， resulting in the 324th amino acid glycine mutated to glutamic acid. TT4（transparent testa 4） encoded a structural gene for flavonoid synthesis， chalcone synthase（CHS）， and after mutation， the seed coat was transparent and the seed color was yellow， then the mutant was named tt4-1. The phenotype of brown seed coat was restored by functional complement mutants， which further demonstrated the important role of TT4 in regulating the development of seed coat color. The tissue expression analysis of TT4 was conducted by promoter coupling GUS assay， and it was found that TT4 gene was expressed in the roots， stems， leaves of plant seedlings and flowers respectively. Physiological phenotypic analysis showed that the mutant tt4-1 seeds germinated earlier， and the seedlings had shorter taproots， as well as more lateral roots and root hairs， larger stomatal opening and higher water loss rate in mature leaves compared with the wild type. This study would lay a theoretical basis for further elaborating the function of TT4 gene. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chloroplast Genome Structure and Interspecies Relationship of Sanicula rubriflora Chen YANG, Xueying YAO, Zhixiang CHEN, Qizhi WANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2022, 42 (3): 437-445.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2022.03.013 Abstract （3626）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （2185KB）（237）       Knowledge map    Save As a kind of medicinal herb， Sanicula rubriflora F. Schmidt is easily confused with other medicinal plants of the same genus after drying and interspecific relationship is controversial. The structure and characteristics of the chloroplast genome of S. rubriflora were reported for the first time， the sequencing data was spliced and annotated using bioinformatics methods， and the chloroplast genome structure and phylogeny were further analyzed. The length of the chloroplast genome sequence of S. rubriflora was 155 721 bp， including a large single copy region（LSC） of 85 981 bp and a small single copy region（SSC） of 17 060 bp， and were separated by inverted repeat sequence（IRs） of 26 340 bp. The GC content of the chloroplast genome of S. rubriflora was 38.20% and contained 129 genes， 84 protein-coding genes， 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes respectively. The chloroplast genome structure of S. rubriflora was highly conservative. The coding genes contained a total of 51 907 codons， with 5 095 leucine and 689 tryptophan. Simple repeated sequence analysis revealed a total of 32 sites， and most of them were single base repeat A/T type. The clustering results of the chloroplast genome supported that the subfamily Hydrocotyloideae was a relatively primitive group in the Umbelliferae family. The subfamily Saniculoideae and Apioideae were sister groups， which were the more close relationship of the Umbelliferae. Sanicula was a relatively natural group. S. rubriflora and S. flavovirens were related sister species， but their morphology and geographical distribution were quite different. The results provid a basis for the interspecies identification of the genus Sanicula and lay the foundation for further study of its phylogenetic relationship and interspecies evolution. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue Expression Patterns of PdPapWRKY51 in Shanxin Poplar ( Populus davidiana × P. alba var. pyramidlis) under Stress Conditions Bo-Chao ZHANG, Jia-Lin WANG, Yuan YIN, Yi-Da CHE, Jun-Jie DENG, Rong-Shu ZHANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2021, 41 (6): 911-920.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2021.06.009 Abstract （3588）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （3387KB）（363）       Knowledge map    Save In order to identify and verify crucial genes that regulate the stress resistance of poplar， based on the RNA-seq data of poplar（Populus davidiana × P.alba var. Pyramidlis， cv ‘Shanxin’） leaves induced by Trichodermaasperellumon or Alternaria alternata， a key responding gene was cloned and named as PdPapWRKY51. In silico analysis showed that the coded protein of PdpapWRKY51 was a IIc class transcription factor of the WRKY family and a non-transmembrane hydrophilic protein localized in the nucleus. The tissue-specific expression profile of PdPapWRKY51 in poplar seedlings was investigated through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction（RT-qPCR）. The results showed that PdPapWRKY51 was broadly expressed in plants and the highest expression was found in roots. The expression of PdPapWRKY51 was investigated after 48 hours of induction by salt， alkali， PEG（Polyethylene glycol）， five soil-borne plant fungal pathogens or phytohormones respectively. The results showed that the PdPapWRKY51 expression level was greatly affected by alkali stress. Fusarium oxysporum， Cytospora chrysosperma or A. alternata induction significantly up-regulated PdPapWRKY51 expression in the apex respectively. F. oxysporum induction significantly up-regulated PdPapWRKY51 in the leaf. C. chrysosperma and A. alternata induced significantly higher PdPapWRKY51 expression in the root. PdPapWRKY51 expression could be broadly induced by SA（salicylic acid） in plants. When induced by JA（jasmonic acid） or ABA （abscisic acid）， the PdPapWRKY51 expression was up-regulated in the apex but down-regulated in the root. The results revealed the tissue-specific expression patterns of PdPapWRKY51 gene in respond to multiple induction， and would provide a basis for further elucidating the function of PdPapWRKY51 and insights into breeding novel stress-resistant poplar cultivars through modifying PdPapWRKY51 expression. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Proteomic Screening and RcBSK7 Resistance of Ricinus communis under Cadmium(Cd) Stress Huibo ZHAO, Zhiqiang ZHAO, Chunguang BAO, Qi WEN, Ruxin LI, Fenglan HUANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (1): 36-50.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.01.005 Abstract （3488）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （8953KB）（752）       Knowledge map    Save In order to reveal the mechanism of Ricinus communis response to heavy metal cadmium（Cd） stress， and screen out the resistance genes involved in Cd stress， by observing the seed germination and plant growth status， castor plants treated with water were used as controls to study their effects under three doses（300， 700 and 1 000 mg·L-1） of Cd stress. The response mechanism is expected to provide new ideas for revealing the defense and detoxification mechanism of castor plant under in Cd stress. Using differential proteomics to analyze the network regulation mechanism of castor under Cd stress， that is， with the increase of Cd stress concentration， the castor plant blocks the absorption of heavy metal Cd by roots， improves their own antioxidant capacity， and inhibits Cd2+ operation. As well as the induction of programmed cell death and other detoxification processes to resist Cd stress damage； according to the results of omics analysis， a significantly different gene RcBSK7 was screened. Through functional verification in Arabidopsis， it can be seen that this gene can improve tolerance of castor plants to Cd stress. This study enhances the understanding of the diversity and complexity of castor plants under three Cd stresses， and provides a valuable theoretical basis for the identification of Cd-tolerant genes and the restoration of heavy metal pollution in the soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and Expression Analysis of BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANTANT1 ( BZR1) Gene from Fraxinus mandshurica Xin-Tong JI, Lei YU, Ya-Guang ZHAN Bulletin of Botanical Research    2021, 41 (5): 744-752.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2021.05.013 Abstract （3486）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （6034KB）（225）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the expression characteristics of BZR1 gene under abiotic stress and hormone induction of brassinosteroid（BR） signaling on the growth and development of Fraxinus mandshurica and response to environmental stress， the target gene was cloned from F. mandshurica by PCR and its molecular structures were analyzed by bioinformatics. The expression patterns of FmBZR1 under low temperature， salt stress and ABA， IAA and GA3 hormones were investigated by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the FmBZR1 gene was 984bp， encoding 327 amino acids. FmBZR1 was a hydrophilic protein， and had high homology with BZR1 protein of Olea europaea var. sylvestris. The results of abiotic stress and hormone induction showed that the expression of FmBZR1 gene was significantly different from that of control group. The highest expression level of FmBZR1 gene was at 6 h after low temperature treatment and 24 h after salt treatment， which were 1.98 times and 10.13 times higher than that of the control group. After stress with ABA， IAA and GA3 for 3 h， the expression of FmBZR1 gene was the lowest， which was 0.52 times， 0.41 times and 0.50 times of the control group； after treatment GA3 for 24 h， the expression level of FmBZR1 gene was the highest， which was 6.23 times of the control group. FmBZR1 gene played a key role in the development and stress process of F. mandshurica. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nutlet Morphology and Micromorphology of Carex sect. Paniceae (Cyperaceae) and Its Taxonomic Significance Fang HE, Yifei LU, Yongdi LIU, Wenke CHU, Xiaofeng JIN Bulletin of Botanical Research    2023, 43 (1): 1-8.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2023.01.001 Abstract （3456）   HTML （51）    PDF（pc） （1745KB）（1151）       Knowledge map    Save Nutlet morphology and micromorphology of 27 species with four varieties of Carex sect. Paniceae were observed under scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The results showed that：（1）The nutlet shape of all samples（beak excluded） were obovoid trigonous， with the length ranged from 1.53-3.59 mm. The nutlet length between different populations of the same species revealed stability and no significant difference exist by statistical analysis. （2）The epidermal cells were five to seven gonal， rarely four or eight， which was various within the different individuals of C. rouyana. The anticlinal wall was straight or microwave， and silica platform was flat， occasionally concave or slightly convex， with solitary central silica body but without satellite body. Whereas each epidermal cell of C. filipes var. kuzakaiensis and C. filipes var. tremula occasionally had two central silica bodies. （3）Based on the shape of epidermal cells， numbers of central silica platform， some species were distinguished from similar species， such as C. baimaensis and C. filipes， and it was also valuable to distinguish the varieties of C. filipes， ie. var. kuzakaiensis， var. oligostachys and var. tremula. （4）Sections Paniceae s.s. and Laxiflorae had a high consistency in the morphology and micromorphology of nutlets. It indicated that the morphology and micromorphology of nutlets were of great importance of taxonomic significance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics